Legal essay(family law) Essay

Evaluate the strong suit of the fairness in achieving arbiter for parties involved in kinship partition. mandate and faces strive to achieve justice for wholly parties involved in a kinship disruption. However, justice can be difficult to achieve as the natural law does non always uphold the rights of individuals. The law does reflect amicable and community values and strives to be accessible.Divorce is an exercise of the law cosmos soft enforced, while with disputes involving nestlingren soundness isnt always achieved. Amendments to order in a flash make the law more in effect(p) when dealing with relationship breakdowns between same sex couples and de facto relationships. Divorce is becoming more common in society, this means that legislation has been made more effective in achieving individuals rights. The Family Law consummation 1975 (cth) established no fault divide, as long as the couple is separate for 12months, that disturbed the Matrimonial Causes repr esent 1959 (Cth). Divorce is an effective method in achieving justice for parties involved in a relationship breakdown.An interpreter of this is in the case Pavey v Pavey 1976, this case established separate under one roof, this allowed couples to get a divorce even if they were living together due to financial strain. Pavey v Pavey is an example of how the law achieves justice for individuals and the accessibility of the law. Most issues related to relationship breakdown involves chelaren, legislation has been improved in recent years to overcome this, nevertheless there are still many cases where justice isnt achieved for all parties.The Child Support (assessment) Act 1984 (cth) aims to deduct money to support the child if the parent isnt living with them. The Federal Government in 1990 ratify the UNs Convention on the Rights of the Child. This ruled that all cases were to be lick in the scoop interests of the child. The Family Law Reform Act 1995 (Cth) recognises best intere sts of the child and also changes custody to residency and contact. This legislation has effectively achieved justice for families however, the best interests of the child and the confidence of overlap parenting outlined in the Family Law Amendment Act (Shared Responsibilities) Act 2006 (NSW) was overturned by the High Court.The High Court overturned best interests of the child in the case MRR V GR 2010, as shared out parenting wasnt reasonably practible and the rights of the individual was not being upheld. MRR v GR is an example of how legislation is not effective, but due to the responsiveness of the legal system, justice was achieved. The Family Law Amendment (Shared Responsibilities) Act 2006 (NSW) also created Family Relationship Centres that allowed families to resolve disputes and there is dictatorial 3 hours mediation in the breakdown of a marriage involving children. The law has been effective in achieving justice for parties involved in a relationship breakdown as it upholds community values, is accessible and responsive and aims to protect the rights of individuals.The law is also responsive in defend the rights of individuals through the media and lobby groups. foyer Groups such as Dads in Distress, aimed to establish shared parenting as they were ineffective to see their children. This lead to reforms in the Family Law Act with a presumption of shared parenting. However the media has given reports of children being at risk because of shared parenting. This is shown in the SMH report For the Sake of the Children. The law has to reflect communitys conflicting vales and therefore is not always effective in defend the rights of the individual.Unmarried couples also have to be protected in the resolution of a relationship breakdown and justice must be achieved. The billet (Relationships) Act 1984 (NSW) defines de facto relationships and included same sex relationships in the definition. This act protects individuals in the situation of a rel ationship breakdown by identifying which parties get what. The SMH released an article, hithers an Idea that recognises de facto relationships as a valid choice and that they should be protected by the law.Through recent legislation reforms individuals rights are achieved, as well as the law being accessible. However, legislation is not always responsive, as de facto relationships were only defined in 1984, and they did not have the same rights as married couples until then. The law is effective in achieving justice for parties involved in a relationship breakdown. Divorce is easily accessible and responsive. Relationship breakdown including children is mainly effective in protecting the rights of individuals and upholding societal values. Through recent legislation developments the relationship breakdown of de facto relationships is directly treated the same as the dissolution of marriage. The law is mostly effective in achieving justice and protecting the rights of individuals in volved in a relationship breakdown.View as multi-pages

Confucionism vs Legalism Essay

Amidst the chaos of political instability and constant warfare during Chinas Period of Warring States, two new philosophies emerged. Legalism and Confucianism were two of the philosophies intellectual thinkers certain to try and stop the mayhem of China before it could be conquered by a greater nation. Confucianism became the paramount school of thinking and later signi tip philosophies such as and Legalism forgathered immense recognition as well. Each party had their own proposals for creating an idealistic political society where the many problems they faced in their everyday lives could be eliminated. Both approaches were very distinct, but at the like time they contained certain similarities as well.Confucianism disfavored a caustic government. Confucius urged to lead the concourse with virtue and rituals as opposed to government policies and punishments. He believed that the prescript should gain respect through his deeds rather than achieving it through his status and au thority. Confucianists dislike government that employed killing and wished for a non aggressive rule. They believed individuals should foster compassion, humbleness and moderation for a achievementful society, whereas Legalism believed the the great unwashed should be controlled by timidity and aggression. Legalists had a ruthless approach to crimes and even the smallest of unlawful acts resulted in harsh punishment.Legalism and Confucianism both provided structure and stability for the time they were used. Out of Legalism and Confucianism, Legalism was a success in the sense that it achieved what the other desperately strove for the unication of China. Even though it nevertheless lasted twelve years. Many of the Legalist ideas were quite thought provoking and praiseworthy they believed in equality for all and government according to merit. However, the system gained a funky reputation according to the ruthless rule of the FirstEmperor. Confucianism thus became the ofcial Phil osophy, gaining entire acceptance in China.The Confucian and Legalist governments had very different morals in which their people should be treated. In Confucian government a ruler had to lead by example and be an overall virtuous psyche for his subjects to obey him. Government existed for thebenet of the people, not the other way around. the great unwashed should love each other and treat everyone with respect. In Legalist government the people are there to serve the government. People are ruled by fear and violence. Citizen should not focus on being loving and caring. Instead, they should detective on everyone around them and report and law breaking.According to them, a laborious rule with a strict hand was necessary in swan to keep the citizens from growing lazy and disrespecting the authority. One central issue which arouse ancient Chinese thinkers was how to regulate human relations and how to govern a country. Under the Qin dynasty Legalism achieved what many other philo sophies wished- control and unication of China. Similarities united the two because they had a single goal, but different strategies to fulll it. After multiple rebellions against Legalist rule, Confucianism dominated the tilt and accomplished the structure and stability that was needed for a successful and evolving civilization. commit used http//www.international-relations.com/wbcm5-1/wbrule.htm

Development Activities Essay

erect item-by-items to upshot mathematical function in training activitiesOverviewThis modular identifies the take onments when harboring single(a)s to come across startle in study activities of various kinds, including those that will help them retain or regain skills, interact with others or engage in chosen physiological or intellectual pursuits. The standard complicates preparing for nurture activities, supporting date and alter to evaluation of the action at law.SCDHSC0211 erect man-to-man(a)s to worry part in training activities1SCDHSC0211 actualise man-to-mans to take part in reading activitiesPerformance criteriaYou mustiness be able toPrep be for corporation in exploitation activities P1 P2 P3 incur discipline ab push through how best to encourage and support the individual to posit for and get in in development activities check that you experience correctly dumb any instructions for the support of the individual and preparation of the env ironment go bad with the individual, name tidy sum and others to identify the individuals goals and preferences regarding development activities and what options ar available discuss benefits and any risks of different options to enable a plectron to be made seek additional expertise where you, the individual, key state and others have concerns rough a development exercise or the individuals participation in it prep be the environment for the chosen development exertion ensure the environment complies with health and safety requirements offer reassurance and boost to the individual about their planned participation in the development drill and the benefits of participation arrest with the individual ship charge to minimise any risks associated with the activity agreeyour role in supporting the individual to participate in the development activity and minimise risks prepare yourself for supporting participation in the development activityP4 P5P6 P7 P8P9 P10 P11 jump the individual to participate in development activities You must be able to P12 P13 P14 P15 P16 P17 P18 P19 break with the individual to overcome any fears or other barriers to them taking part in the development activity carry out your agreed role in supporting the individual to participate in the development activity and minimise risks carry out your agreed role in ways that promote active participation and minimise risks offer the individual positive feedback on success passim the activity offer the individual encouragement if they experience difficulty run off the activity immediately if the individual is distressed, in pain or feels otiose to continue report problems as soon as achievable to reserve concourse feedback to appropriate people on successes, problems, risks or gaps that occurred whilst supporting the individual 2SCDHSC0211 Support individuals to take part in development activitiesSCDHSC0211 Support individuals to take part in development activities P20 P21 contr ibute to recording continue in the required format identify with the individual and key people any changes that withdraw to take place to make the development activity more effective and enjoyable record and report on development activities according to confidentiality agreements and legal and make for displace requirementsP22Contribute to the evaluation of development activities You must be able toP23 P24 P25 P26 P27 agree with the individual and key people how the development activity will be evaluated and how they will be mingled support the individual and key people to provide evaluation randomness in a useful form discuss with the individual and key people the benefits and limitations of the development activity identify with the individual any part of the development activity which they found difficult or which they declined to participate in report to appropriate people about aspects of the development activity which have been declined by the individual or identified a s difficult by them record information and observations about the effectiveness of the activity and the individuals participation in and enjoyment of it figure out with the individual, key people and others to agree any changes needed to the activity or the support for participation in it complete records and reports on the evaluation of development activities according to confidentiality agreements and legal and micturate setting requirementsP28 P29 P30SCDHSC0211 Support individuals to take part in development activities3SCDHSC0211 Support individuals to take part in development activitiesKnowledge and sagacityYou need to crawl in and findRights K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 graze setting requirements on equality, diversity, discrepancy and human rights your role in supporting rights, choices, well universe and active participation your duty to report anything you notice people do, or anything they fail to do, that could bar individuals rights the actions to take if you have concerns abou t discrimination the rights that individuals have to make complaints and be supported to do soHow you carry out your written report You need to know and understand K6 K7 K8 K9 K10K11 K12 K13 K14 K15 K16 K17 K18 K19 K20 K21 K22 codes of perpetrate, standards, frame craps and guidance relevant to your work and the content of this standard the main items of legislation that relate to the content of this standard within your work role your give background, experiences and beliefs that may affect the way you work your birth roles and responsibilities with their limits and boundaries who you must report to at work the roles and responsibilities of other people with whom you work how to find out about procedures and agreed ways of working in your work setting how to make sure you follow procedures and agreed ways of working the meaning of person centred working and the importance of knowing and respecting all(prenominal) person as an individual the prime importance of the interests a nd well-being of the individual the individuals cultural and language context how to work in ways that build trust with people how to work in ways that support the active participation of individuals in their own care and support how to work in ways that respect individuals dignity, personal beliefs and preferences how to work in partnership with people what you should do when there are conflicts and dilemmas in your work how and when you should seek support in situations beyond your experience and expertise 4SCDHSC0211 Support individuals to take part in development activitiesSCDHSC0211 Support individuals to take part in development activitiesTheory for practice You need to know and understand K23 K24 K25 the factors that may affect the health, wellbeing and development of individuals you care for or support how these affect individuals and how they may affect different individuals differently the main stages of human developmentCommunication You need to know and understand K26 K2 7 factors that gage have a positive or negative effect on the way people transmit different methods of communicatingPersonal and sea captain development You need to know and understand K28 K29 why it is important to speculate on how you do your work how to use your reflections to improve the way you workHealth and Safety You need to know and understand K30 K31 your work setting policies and practices for health, safety and security practices that help to prevent and control infection in the context of this standardSafe-guarding You need to know and understand K32 K33 K34 K35 the duty that everyone has to provide concerns about possible vituperate or abuse, piteous or racist practices signs and symptoms of harm or abuse how and when to report any concerns about abuse, poor or discriminatory practice, resources or operational difficulties what to do if you have report concerns but no action is taken to address themHandling information You need to know and understand K36 K37 le gal requirements, policies and procedures for the security and confidentiality of information work setting requirements for recording information and producing reports including the use of electronic communicationSCDHSC0211 Support individuals to take part in development activities5SCDHSC0211 Support individuals to take part in development activities K38 K39 K40 what confidentiality means how to maintain confidentiality in your work when and how to pass on informationSpecific to this NOS You need to know and understand K41 how to recognise adverse changes in the conditions of individuals when supporting them to participate in development activities and the actions to take in these circumstances the risks, dangers and difficulties associated with different equipment and materials and in relation to detail individualsK42SCDHSC0211 Support individuals to take part in development activities6SCDHSC0211 Support individuals to take part in development activitiesAdditional Information scop e/range related to performance criteriaThe detail in this field are explanatory statements of scope and/or examples of possible contexts in which the NOS may lend oneself they are not to be regarded as range statements required for the achievement of the NOS Note Where an individual finds it difficult or impossible to express their own preferences and make decisions about their animation, achievement of this standard may require the battle of advocates or others who are able to represent the views and best interests of the individual. Where there are language differences within the work setting, achievement of this standard may require the involvement of interpreters or translation services. Active participation is a way of working that regards individuals as active partners in their own care or support rather than passive recipients. Active participation recognise each(prenominal) individuals right to participate in the activities and bloods of everyday life as independency a s possible Development activities may include intellectual activities and pursuits, activities that enable the individual to retain or regain their skills activities that enable the individual to keep fit and mobile activities that enable the individual to participate and interact with others The individual is the person you support or care for in your work unwrap people are those who are important to an individual and who can make a difference to his or her well being. Key people may include family friends, carers and others with whom the individual has a supportive relationship Others are your colleagues and other professionals whose work contributes to the individuals well being and who enable you to carry out your roleSCDHSC0211 Support individuals to take part in development activities7SCDHSC0211 Support individuals to take part in development activitiesScope/range related to knowledge and understandingThe details in this field are explanatory statements of scope and/or exampl es of possible contexts in which the NOS may apply they are not to be regarded as range statements required for the achievement of the NOS All knowledge statements must be applied in the context of this standard. Factors that may affect the health, wellbeing and development of individuals may include adverse circumstances or trauma to begin with or during birth autistic spectrum conditions dementia family circumstances frailty harm or abuse injury learning disability medical conditions (chronic or acute) mental health physical disability physical ill health poverty profound or complex unavoidably sensory needs social deprivation substance misuseValuesAdherence to codes of practice or conduct that may be applicable to your role, and the principles and values that suffer your work setting including the rights of children and adults. These include the rights that individuals have To be treated as an individual To be treated equally and not be discriminated against To be respected To have privacy To be treated in a dignified way To be protected from danger and harm To be supported and cared for in a way that meets their needs, takes account of their choices and also protects them To communicate using their preferred methods of communication and language To access information about themselvesSCDHSC0211 Support individuals to take part in development activities8SCDHSC0211 Support individuals to take part in development activitiesDeveloped by strain number Date approved Indicative review date rigourousness Status Originating organisation Original URN Relevant occupationsSkills for electric charge & Development 1 March 2012 August 2014Current Original Skills for Care & DevelopmentHSC211 Health, earthly concern inspection and repairs and Care Health and Social Care Associate Professionals and skillful Occupations Health and Social Services Officers Health Associate Professionals Personal Service Occupations Healthcare and Related Personal Services Health and S ocial Care support, assist, development, activitiesSuite Key wordsSCDHSC0211 Support individuals to take part in development activities

E-Culture: Ethical Issiues

Topic E-CultureEthical Issiues Electronic technology is changing our life style to a great extent. Advancement in the fields of information and chat technology (ICT) and electronics has resulted in the emergence e-commerce, e-business, e-banking, e-mails, e-organizations, e-governance, e-journals, e-books, e-medicine, internet, web-shopping, etc, which fox set in a trend for e-culture. Electronic culture is enveloping the entire world, it is a globose phenomenon.It is the ICT-availability and Internet access that provides opportunities for production of e-culture. e-Culutre involves preserving and make uping cultural heritage in overseas telegram with the challenges of the future exhibiting valuable cultural assets clearly and informatively using state of the art technology . However, the rapid development of ICT globally also has led to the issue of different ethical issues and made life enormously complex.These issues have more or less no boundaries and may affect any count ry across the globe. ethical motive are moral standards that help guide behaviour, actions, and choices. Ethics are grounded in the notion of responsibility (as free moral agents, individuals, organizations, and societies are responsible for the actions that they take) and obligation (individuals, organizations, and society should be held accountable to others for the consequences of their actions).ICT ethics are not exceptional(a) from the above-mentioned view of ethics. According to some estimates, three quarter of the present generation of people in the countries saturated with computers will be expense 80 per cent of their free time in the cyberspace, therefore it is historic to review the ethical issues because it threatens social environment of societies.Globalization and digital convergence in the emerging knowledge society has raised complex ethical issues in relation to the freedom of expression, access to information, right to privacy, intellectual and property rights. The impression is electronic commerce is the use of internet and the web to do businesses. commercialized transactions involve the exchange of value across organizational or individual boundaries in return for products and services.The internet and it use of e-com have raised several ethical issues about protection of customer and companies. star of the main issues for e-com is intellectual property which includes copyrights and software piracy. The explosion of interest in the internet, with growing numbers of people obtaining access to it has also increased the effectiveness in ethical issue like breeching privacy and security. Purpose of this compensate is to address the several ethical issue faced by eCulture in terms of e-commerce and its impact on e-commerce .

Effects of Human Urine on the Growth of Indian Tree Essay

I. INTRODUCTIONBackground of the StudyMost of the Filipinos have a living through agriculture. Throughout the years, a lot of fertilisers were improvised, tumidly for the comfort of the Filipino farmers. Human piddle system, for example, is a thoroughly-balanced nitrogen-rich quick-reacting liquid plant food. It contains nitrogen, grand and phosphorus and other alimentals depending on the forage. The health risks associated with recitation of human piddle in ingraft production are generally junior-grade, that is why its an adequate congeal fertiliser.On another note, Indian tree (Polyalthia longifolia) is a small-to-medium-sized evergreen tree growing up to 15 meters. Its leaves are long, speciate and oblanceolate, dark green, glossy and have wavy margins. It is native to India, Sri Lanka and recently introduced in the Philippines and widely cultivated in Metro Manila, planted in parks, tend and roadsides. Studies showed that the seeds of Indian Tree contain amino acids, the barks contain phytochemical substance, the root draw up contains antimicrobial, various solvent extracts contain anti-inflammatory, and the seeds that are extracted contain antifungal.Objectives (major and minor) of the developmentThis study, therefore, endeavors to check the movements of human water supply on the growth of Polyalthia longifolia also commonly known as Indian Tree. It also endeavors to inform the farmers and the people in the field of agriculture practical guidance of the other uses of human piddle. moment of the StudyThis investigatory run across entitled The Effects Of Human piss On The Growth Of Indian Tree result be conducted in order to help and inform the people especially the farmers that the economical abide by of the urine fecal matter be calculated by comparing with the equipment casualty of mineral fertilizer on the local market or by calculating the value of the increase yield of the fertilizer. (Anna Richert, et.al., 2010-2011). W e would like it to be wholeness of the aspects that contri juste to the progression of our technology especially in the field of agriculture.This butt joint add knowledge to students, teachers and administrators in making a research and up(p) their experiment especially those who are working on herbal medicine. This project aims to guide the upcoming researchers in making their experiment.Scope and LimitationThis study bequeath focus on utilise the human urine as a fertilizer. Human urine, water and a combination of both will be poured on to the soil of the Indian plant. Using a commercially available Indian plant will make a comparative appraisal. This study, however, will not alter the active compounds of the soil and the seed itself.II. analyze OF RELATED LITERATURERicker, A. et.al. (2010) stated that urine is an aqueous solution make up of much than 95 per cent water, with the remaining constituents made up of carbamide, creatinine, dissolved ions (chloride, sodium, pot assium, etc), inorganic and organic compounds or seasons. Most of these remain in solution, but there can be a tendency for phosphorus-rich substances to deposition in containers that are stored for hygienization. This substance has a syrupish texture, and if urine is collected in a piping system, this urine syrup can sediment in pipes if the inclination is not sufficient. Differences in composition of excreta between contrasting regions reflect differences in the uptake of consumed roams and thus in the plant nourishing supply requisiteed for maintaining crop fertility in the region. Urine utilize directly or after storage is a high quality, low cost alternative to the application of N-rich mineral fertilizer in plant production. The nourishings in urine are in ionic form and their plant- approachability compares well with chemical fertilizer (Johansson et al., 2001 Kirchmann and Pettersson, 1995 Simons and Clemens 2004).Urine also contains round amounts of phosphorus, pot assium, sulphur and micronutrients, but due to its high limit of N, its P/N and K/N ratios are lower than in more mineral fertilizers used for crop production, and lower than what many crops need according to fertilizer recommendations. An advantage of urine in comparison with organic fertilizers is that the phosphorus exists in forms that are plant-available. This performer that urineis quite efficient as a phosphorus fertilizer, which has implications for the future with regard to the concept of Peak Phosphorus and the fact that phosphorus is a finite resource.(p1) The quantity of urine produced by an adult mainly depends on the amount of liquid a person drinks and perspires. Children produce slightly half as much urine as adults. Excessive sweating results in concentrated urine, while consumption of large amounts of liquid dilutes the urine. (p3) Urine use in areas where salinization is an issue should be monitored. Urine is a solution of salts, and salt stress can be a majo r constraint to plant production in arid areas.When urine is used in these areas, irrigation practices should be adapted, the urine should be watered down, and application of urine should regularly be interchanged with applications of water only. (p5) Grunbaum, M. (2010) cited that urine is chock full of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, which are the nutrients plants need to thriveand the main ingredients in common mineral fertilizers. There is, of course, a steady supply of this man-made plant food an adult on a typical Western diet urinates about 500 liters a year, enough to fill three standard bathtubs. And despite the gross-out potential, urine is lots sterile when it leaves the body, Heinonen-Tanski pointed out. Unlike feces, which can carry bacteria like salmonella and E. coli, urine poses no health risksastronauts on the International Space Station stock-still drink the stuffafter its purified.Effective fertilization is not the only benefit of recycling urine, Heinonen-T anski suggested in a review authorship in the January 2010 issue of Sustainability. The separating toilets that collect urine use less water than flush toilets, she wrote, and the simplified waste stream requires less energy in sewage treatment. check to Shaw, R. (2010) one reason that urine is an appropriate fertilizer is because the majority of the highly available nutrients in urine exist in a form that plants can use easily. Seventy-five to 90 % of the nitrogen in urine is in the form of urea, which becomes primarily ammonium ions in an aqueous solution of near neutral pH. This ammonium can be biochemically transferred to nitrate (NO3-) in the presence of oxygen (Jonsson et al, 2004 9). Phosphorus is excreted as phosphate ions (Jonsson et al, 2004 9). The majority of potassium, sulfur, and most minerals are also present as free ions (Jonsson et al, 2004 9).These nutrients are directly available to plants in these forms withoutprocessing. As with chemical fertilizers, urine is therefore a dilution of fast-acting plant nutrients that can work rapidly to nourish plants (Kvarnstrom et al, 2006 4). Comparable crop yields have been found when victimisation alike amounts of chemical and urine fertilizers on many different crops. (p12) A fast-acting fertilizer like urine fertilizer has several benefits. Assuming the nutrient content can be estimated or measured with reasonable accuracy, the fertilizer can be apply in specific doses to meet known nutrient needs. Fast-acting fertilizers can also be used to rectify some diagnosed nutrient deficiencies, even on specific plants. Nutrients can also be applied at specific clock in a plants lifespan to optimize nutrient uptake.(p13) As with any fertilizer, urine fertilizer can be applied in excess. Over-fertilization can introduce cyanogenetic levels of nutrients into the soil and kill plants.As is often the case with urine fertilizer, the large amount of nitrogen is the main concern. Fortunately, the toxic level of nitrogen is truly high. A rule of thumb is that the toxic level of nitrogen is approximately four times the normal fertilization rate (Jonsson et al, 20044). This provides a large factor of safety for the use of urine fertilizer. If nitrogen is kept at an grateful level, it is generally accepted that, except in rare cases, the other nutrients present in urine will stay at an acceptable level as well. (p14) Another concern is the volatility of nitrogen in urine. The high pH of the urine in the collection vessel, normally 9-9.3, united with its high ammonium concentration, means that there is a risk of losing N in the form of ammonia with the ventilated air (Jonsson et al, 2004 11). This volatilization of ammonia occurs rapidly, with increased volatility as temperatures rise, and substantial amounts of worth(predicate) nitrogen can be lost to the atmosphere (Glibert et al, 2006 448).Further, the contact of urine with the atmosphere creates unpleasant odors, as anyone who has sm elled urine evaporating on a latrine floorcan attest. Odor does not affect the utility program of urine fertilizer, but it can dissuade people from use. Urine fertilizer must therefore be collected and applied with as comminuted atmospheric contact as possible, both to conserve nitrogen and to scale down unpleasant odor. (p15) Robinson, D. (2010) said that fresh human urine is sterile and so free from bacteria. In fact it is so sterile that it can be drunk when fresh its only when it is older than 24 hours that the urea turns into ammonia, which is what causesthe wee smell.At this stage it will be too tough for use on plants, but poured neat on to the compost chain reactor it makes a fabulous compost accelerator/activator, with the extra benefit of adding more nutrients. Most garden fertilizers for vegetables contain more phosphorus than nitrogen. Phosphorus is valuable for root growth, nitrogen for vegetative growth like leaves and potassium helps the maturement and fruiting process. The great value of urine lies in its universal availability and zero cost.Consequently it has immense potential value and has been used for many generations as a plant food in some countries, notably in the Far East. Because of its high nitrogen content it is particularly serviceable for feeding leafy vegetables, which enjoy a high nitrogen diet. According to Abington, J.B. (1992) cited that urine as a source of fertilizer has been investigated at Lumle. The effect of 11 water urine mixture top binding on the marketable yield of leafy vegetable crops was found to be a significant increase of 81.7% over an untreated control, and 23.7% over a top dressing of urea. (p51)III. MATERIALS AND METHODSA. Preparation and Collection of TreeTwo Indian Tree seeds will be bought. They will be planted using Loam soil. The specimen will be stored in the garden area at MPC. Controlled variable 1 will be watered using urine (see step 2) and controlled variable 2 will be watered using tap wa ter.B. Preparation and Collection of UrineHuman urine will be collected from one of the group members. The contributors diet will be strictly observed. The urine sample will be measured upon collection. The color will also be observed. Materials-seeds will be bought or well try to find it for free-2 pots?-human urine by chump Figueras-marks diet-waterMethods-plant the seeds, 2 pots (1 controlled *urine, 1 uncontrolled *water) -water3 times a day having both urine and water equal in amountIV. BIBLIOGRAPHYRichert, Anna., Gensch, Robert., Jnsson, Hkan.,Stenstrm, Thor-Axel., & Dagerskog, Linus. (2010-1). Practical Guidance on the recitation of Urine in Crop Production. Pdf. Ttockhollm Environment Institute, Sweden Retrieved December 12, 2012 from EcoSanRes Series. http//www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/ESR2010-1-Pract icalGuidanceOnTheUseOfUrineInCropProduction.pdfGrunbaum, Mara. (July 23, 2010). Gee whizz Human Urine Is Shown to Be an Effective Agricultural Fertilizer. Webpage. Retrieved December 12, 2012 from http//www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=h uman-urine-is-an-effective-fertilizerShaw, Ryan. (2010). THE USE OF HUMAN URINE AS CROP FERTILIZER IN MALI, WEST AFRICA. Pdf. Ryan Shaw, MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Retrieved December 12, 2012 from http//cee.eng.usf.edu/peacecorps/5%20-%20Resource s/Theses/ sanitisation/2010Shaw.pdfAbington, J.B. (1992). Sustainable livestock production in the mountain agro-ecosystem of Nepal. Reprint, Rome.

Collins and Yeskel

Rising personal debt is one of the consequences of growing inequality. Over 60 per centum of americans carry a personal debt every month and the average family is express to cary a nine thousand dollar debt. The reading talked about how good deal are now using credit cards to fall in for things corresponding groceries and gas, something we would of paid for in cash on the regular in the past. I find this very parlous. The main reason i find this dangerous is because having to buy groceries and gas on credit probably means you dont tactual sensation you have the money at the given time to actually turn out for it.This means a person is living pay check to pay check and has little to no money to put in nest egg which could hurt in the future. I feel this is primarily dangerous for place to low income households. If one of these households are buying food and gas on credit and cant afford to put money in nest egg and they happen to fall on a hard time they go forth put thems elves into further debt and cause family issues.Suburbanization of america was driven by the governance and contributed disparities of wealth mingled with whites and blacks by creating expanses between the 1930s-1960s that were categorized by zones where certain people could live. On maps areas were broken down by rubric to determine the most desirable places to live. Green was a desirable area where it was predominately white and red was an undesirable place to live where it was mostly black, heterogeneous race, or other races.The FHA would give loans base off of this data based off of who applied for them and also loans interest rates would be correct accordingly in the same fashion. Today we see that older generations properties in these suburban areas are starting to mix racially since this older modal value of suburbanization has been outlawed. Over time the larger interest rates and zoning has created problems between different ethnic groups and not areas are becoming m ore diverse.

Anything

What are the key event, trends and turning points which you think bequeath be occurring over the next 5 stratums? Ampang Jaya municipal council has a make outu tout ensembley bright vision which Is to make the Ampang Jaya municipality prosperous and harmonious by 2015. The vision was created suit adequate to(p) as the function of MPAJ itself which is to operate the community at bottom the Ampang Jaya area.In order to realize and achieve the vision, Ampang jaya municipal Council were very struggling to conciliate with and hunt along with the progression of technology to picture a very strategical town planning an be comfortably use. Besides that, Ampang Jaya municipal council overly develops Its creativity and innovative sense so that it will pass towards the achievement of world class organization that may facilitate the customers fill particularly the residents in the Ampang Jaya area.Proudly, Ampang Jaya Munucipal Council shows lot of their effort by combining their attitude as a prestigious organization with the vision stated as a drive to make sure Ampang Jaya Municipal Council will move forwards and Improve its accountability integrity and transparency towards a strategic town planning in the next five years ahead. drudgery ANALYSIS OF MPAJ Swot analysis Is an analytical method which is used to get word and categorise signifi give the gatet internal speciality and weaknesses and external sucha s opportunities and threats factors face up either in a particular arena, such as an organisation.It provides entropy that Is helpful In matching the firms resources and capabilities to the competitive environment in which it operates and is thence an important contribution to the strategic planning process. It Is used as a dynamic part of the management and business development process. Strength of MPAJ Ampang Jaya Municipal Council Is an organization that provides run to the esident along Ampnag Jaya area. The organization plays crucial role s to ensure that all the resident living tumesce with all the Important Infrastructure and raptus available.Firstly, the strength of Ampang Jay Municipal Council is it focuses on the environment. It means that, the organization was richly taken responsible to ensure that the environments within Ampang Jaya area are well unionised and preserved. MPAJ had launch campaign to create awareness with the Involvement of public in gotong-royong every month and the Planning unit department adopt systemauc progress in designing a landscape in Ampang Jaya.No one shall subside the environment of the area, As example, Ampang Jaya Municipal Council are held responsible to ensure thither is company that will loaded up the garbage throw by the residents so that the area will be clean. This Is parallel with the maln function of MpaJ which is to serve the publics and manage the Ampang Jaya territories. Next is, Ampang Jaya Municipal Council Provide variety of facilities and work and act as an 1 OF3 enTorcement Doay wltnln tne area.I ne scope ana responsl I t D II les 0T tne provide a ripe surroundings and environment to the the Ampang Jaya residents. by dint of all the budgets given by the judicature, Ampang Jaya Municipal Council shall play it roles as good as they should be. MPAJ enhance their role by providing and build various infrastructures, services and e-services. As example, MPAJ are held the accountability to facilitate the area with a well organize hospital facilities, transportations, food court, mosque and public bath and many more.This is regards as MPAJ strength because of their role to facilitate the area are goes well performing up as the enforcement body that will be respected by many publics. As example, MPAJ may rite a compound letter to the premises of food courts if the premises were not following the exact procedures in opening the premises such as cleanliness. Weaknesses of MPAJ Along with much strength that exists within the Ampang Jaya Munici pal Council, the organization also has it weaknesses. First, the weaknesses of the MPAJ is , the staff of the organization were escape of quality measurement.It happens and can be seen when the quality of services offered is not in line with the vision of MPAJ. The vision of MPAJ is to make the area harmonious and incorporated by 2015 but still, there are oopholes in the organization where almost staff was not giving all the cooperation to help achieving the vision stated. This can be prove by an articles written in a newspaper publisher where the residents of Taman Teratai ask MPAJ to take urgent action against badly cracked and collapsed give out walls that consider to soil erosion.Regards to these matters, MPAH should take an immediate action to supervise, monitor and ensure that all the residents in the area are being take give care of. This had shows the commitment stated by the organization are not well spreading within the organization. Besides, many issues had been ari sing regarding MPAJ. This issues arise had tarnished the MPAJs image and reputation especially when it indicates that the staff are lacking in the integrity values. Bureaucratic in nature lead to discipline problem, unaccountability and corruption issues within the organizations.As example, the most hottest issues pertaining MPAJ of the year is the cases of former MPAJ enforcement director Capt (R) Abdul Kudus Ahmad was sentenced to 11 years and 10 months Jail and RM370,OOO alright for accepting bribes totaling RM59,OOO. This is the strongest weakness of MPAJ that had tarnished its reputation. Opportunities of MPAJ As a public organization, Ampang Jaya Municipal Council able to take and grabs many opportunities that came ahead of the organization. This opportunities came, thanks to the globalization that created many occur for the MPAJ to improves its lack and maintain its prosperous.First, the opportunities that came beneath MPAJ organization is the growth of the technologies whe re the advancement of technologies lead to better productivity and efficiency of the MPAJ function. As example through the advancement of technology many technological devices has been adopted to provide an excellent services to the Ampang Jaya residents. As example, is the usage of modern machine conducted by expertise to amend the town can be very useful tools for MPAJ.I nreats to M each organization has threats that make the organization to be alert more with the surroundings. The threats that chip in been surrounds by the Ampang Jaya Municipal Council is the mentalities of the citizen around the Ampang Jaya area itself. The demands of the citizens are sometimes beyond the limit that can be reach and realize by the Ampang Jaya Municipal Council. The demands from the citizens are above the MPAJ expectations. As example, are the high citizens expectations that emand everything to be colonized within MPAJ authorities.It is an alarm that chain the public organization where the org anization cannot fully fulfilled the demand. Besides that is the migration of the citizens into the Ampang Jaya area. This migration creat more surplus and induce to the overpopulation problems thata later on creating more social issues and conflicts. It in hard to monitor the overcrowded and the possibilities to prevent and maintains its peacefulness is more complicated. The illegal activities may take place and it will be difficult to combat the crime as overcrowded made it hard to square off things up.Tthe Ampang Jaya area is not abig area and nowadays it still can yield its population but in the future, the effects of globalization may explode more the mirgation and create overpopulations. This later on will require the Ampang Jaya Municipal Council to provide more facilities, transportation and others accomodation but yet, the problem is it may pass on the limits of Ampang Jaya Municipal Council to cope with all the demands. MPAJs Stakeholder Basically, stakeholders are an individual, group, organization that directly or indirectly get involve with the MPAJ activities.The Amppang Jaya Municipal councils takeholders is consist of state authorities such as Office of the evoke Secretary and Office of State Treasury, federal government such as Housing and Local Government, division of Public Service, MPAJ themselves which includes members of the council. Besides that is the customer that act as the important stakeholders which is residents, visitors, tourists, government agencies and private, residential owner or business premises. The non organizational organization also acts as the stakeholders of the Ampang Jaya Municipal council together with the Business Community and Concession Company.

Critically evaluate the claim that culture is best understood as a system of symbolic classification Essay

Introduction This essay will focus on evaluating the claim that kitchen-gardening is perfectly understood as a emblemic classification system. tillage potful be defined as cumulative deposit of beliefs, attitudes, knowledge, values, experience, roles, meanings, spacial relations, hierarchies, notions of time, possessions and material objects obtained by a group of exclusives in the course of the generations through with(predicate) with(predicate) group and individual thriving. Culture involves patterns implicit and explicit, for and of behavior obtained and conveyed through symbols, representing the unique achievement of the human groups, comprising of their personifications in artifacts the fundamental core of kitchen-gardening include the traditional ideas and particularly their emotionally involved values elaboration systems on the other overhaul may be deemed as intersections of action. A symbol refers to any object, usually material, meant to stand for another , up to now though there is no signifi female genital organt relationship. Typically culture is founded on a divided roofy of meanings and symbols. Symbolic culture allows human communication and therefore must be taught. The symbolic culture is more adaptable and malleable than biological growth. worldly concern subconsciously and consciously, strive always in making logic of their environ world. some symbols comparable objects, words, gestures and signs assist individuals in understanding the world. Usually symbols commotion clues in understanding the experiences. They usually crush out familiar meanings which atomic number 18 pctd by the societies. Uniform and badge held by police officers represent symbols of legal philosophy or authority enforcement. When an officer is seen wearing a uniform or in a squad car enhances reassurance in man citizens, and anger, fear, or annoyance among others (Browne et al, 1990, p38-p42).The world has countless symbols. Company logos , traffic signs and sports uniforms are close of the symbols. A gold sign in some cultures symbolizes marriage. There are some symbols which are really functional for example, stop signs offers valuable instruction. They croak to the material culture since they are physical objects, however they function similar symbols, in addition they pass on nonmaterial cultural meanings. Some of the symbols are only helpful in what they typify. Gold medals, trophies and blue ribbons, for instance, tender no other function other than representing the accomplishments. However numerous objects brace both nonmaterial and material symbolic value. Symbols are usually interpreted for granted easily. Few individuals challenge or even consider glutinous the figure signs on the public bathrooms doors. However those figures signs are more than existence mere symbols which informs women and men which bathrooms they are supposed to use. Also they uphold the value, in USA, that restrooms ought to b e gender exclusive. Even if stalls are comparatively private, most adorns do not offer bathrooms that are unisex (Hoijer, 1954, p. 14).Symbols frequently recrudesce accepted when utilise out of context. Symbols express strong messages and are used unconventionally. Even destruction of symbols is perceived to be symbolic. Effigies signifying public figures are vanquish so as to express anger at particular leaders. Crowds in 1989 tore down Berlin wall a symbols which decades-old of the division between watt and East, capitalism and communism. While diverse cultures have dissimilar systems of symbols however nomenclature is common to all. Language refers to a symbolic system by which individuals conversation and through which the culture is disruption. Various quarrels include a system of symbols use for written communication, whereas others rely on gestural actions and spoken communication. Societies regularly share one language, and a lot of languages have the same fund amental components. An alphabet refers to a written system which is made of symbolic shapes which refer to ponderous which is spoken. These symbols taken together, express definite meanings. English alphabet employs a change of 26 letters in order to create words where these 26 letters create over 600,000 English words which are recognized (Smith, 2001, p. 46).Case study 1 Additionally, through victimization language, individuals converse without using words. The communication which is nonverbal is symbolic, and, similar to the case of language, a lot of it is knowledgeable by the individuals culture. Various signals are almost universal crying regularly represents sadness and smiles frequently signify joy. Additional nonverbal symbols differ across the cultural backgrounds in their meaning. For instance, a thumbs-up symbol in the United States shows positive support, while in Australia and Russia, it signifies an offensive curse. Various gestures differ in meaning dependi ng with the individual and the situation. A symbol of waving the hand can represent numerous things, considering for whom it is done and how its done. It may signify no thank you, hello, or Im royalty, or goodbye. Winks express a range of messages, comprising of Im only kidding, or Im attracted to you, Or We have a secret. From a distance, an individual can comprehend the emotional idea of two individuals in conversation precisely through examining their facial expressions and body language. Folded arms and Furrowed brows signify a serious topic, perhaps a disagreement. Smiles, with arms open and heads lifted, imply a cheerful, friendly conversation (Durkheim, 2003, p. 41).Case study two Even though language is possibly the most apparent system of symbols that used in communication, numerous things we do express a symbolic meaning. For instance, of the way individuals fancy up and what it signifies to other individuals. The manner in which a person dress symbolically communi cates to other people if that individual care about academics or if he or she is a fan of their schools football group, or it might converse that the individual is a fan of punk music or has adopted an anarchist philosophy. In various urban coiftings, the symbolic meaning of individuals clothes can signify large number connection. Other gang associates use these symbolic sartorial signs to identify assort or enemies. Anthropologists argues that, through their evolution course, individuals evolved a universal individual electrical capacity to categorize experiences, as closely as encoding and communicating them symbolically, like with language which is written. Due to the fact that symbolic systems were learned as hygienic as being taught, they started developing independently of the biological evolution. Since this capacity for favorable learning and symbolic thinking is a human evolution product confuses older arguments regarding nurture versus nature. This plenty of cultu re shows that individuals who live away from individually other begin develops distinct cultures. Basics of different cultures, but, can spread easily from one group of individuals to another. Belief that culture is coded symbolically and can, consequently, can be taught from one individual to another, meaning that cultures can change even if they are bounded. Culture is dynamic can be learned and taught, which makes it a rapid adaption form potentially to variations in the physical conditions. Anthropologists usually view culture both as supplement and product of the biological evolution culture can be perceived as the core authority of human version to the world which is natural (Middleton, 2002, p.16).The above view of culture as symbolic system with the adaptive functions varying from one place to another, made the anthropologists to conceive of various cultures as described through different structures or patterns of continuing conventional meaning sets. These meanings took s olid form in diversity of artifacts like rituals and myths, tools, well as the planning of villages and the design of housing. Anthropologists narrate between symbolic culture and material culture, not only since each(prenominal) signifies distinct types of human activity, however also because they comprise of different forms of selective information that necessitate dissimilar methodologies to study. The culture sociology relates to culture since it is evident in the fiat the ways of acting, the ways of thinking and the material objects that collectively shape the individuals way of life. In regard to Max Weber, the symbols are very essential features of culture individuals employ symbols to convey their spirituality as well as the spiritual side of actual events, and perfect interests are obtained from the symbols (Smith, 2001, p.21-24). In accordance with the sociologists, symbols composes one of the five essential basics of culture, the others being norms, values, language an d beliefs. Symbolic anthropology perceives culture as independent system of meaning decoded through interpreting the key rituals and symbols (Werness, 2000, p.37).In conclusion, it is evident that culture is as set of symbolic classifications, referred to as a group of symbols which can prearranged into a paradigmatic set, frequently hierarchical. These systems of classifications show a world view or tribal order. Languages are constituted of the systems of classifications like grammars. Grammars classify number, person and time. Cultures consist of unconscious(p) classifications which include relatives, plants, colors and animals.ReferencesBrowne, R. B., Fishwick, M. W., & Browne, K. O. (1990). Dominant symbols in popular culture. wheel Green, Ohio Bowling Green State University Popular Press.Durkheim, E. (2003). Emile Durkheim sociologist of modernity. Malden, MA Blackwell Pub..Hoijer, H. (1954). Language in culture conference on the interrelations of language and other aspects of culture. Chicago University of Chicago Press.Middleton, J. (2002). Culture. Oxford, U.K. capstone Pub..Smith, P. (2001). Cultural theory cn introduction. Malden, Mass. Blackwell .Werness, H. B. (2000). The Continuum encyclopedia of native art worldview, symbolism, and culture in Africa, Oceania, and native North America. New York Continuum.Source document

As Business Studies Unit 1 Revision Notes

Unit 1 trade- Revision * Enterprise- The ability to handle scruple and deal efficiently with change. * Entrepreneur- both(prenominal)one who has a flair for trading likings and has the confidence to take the risks mired in pass outting up a ancestry. * roaring entrepreneurs * Passion * Motivate peck around them * Determined to succeed * Self-belief * frequent characteristics of successful entrepreneurs * Self-confidence- believe in your ideas ingatherings and be able to motivate others. * Initiative- macrocosm prepa inflammation to set emerge slightlything. * Hard bleeding- not roaring to set up a task. * Creativity- inventing sore results, finding new-sprung(prenominal) ways to do things. Resilience- be prep ard to redesigned and rethink, dont let set patronises dictate you off. * Taking risks. * weeny short letteres * Less whencece 50 employees * Value of gross sales less thence ? 2. 8 million * Value of balance sheet is less then ? 1. 4million * wher efore do mint set up craftes? * Be your knowledge boss * Work from home * Help others * Gap in merchandise * Redundancy * Per enforce a hobby * form property * Risks * No job security * Loose silver * Others could copy idea * whitethorn not realise regular income * Debt * Competition * Demand for reaping travel * Rewards * Enjoy * Personal pride/satisfaction * MAKE MONEY * pleasant customers weed date * Benefit family * Government Support * Financial- grants, subsidies, tax cuts and loans. * provide info and support- websites e. g. run away link * Create enterprise zones * Reduce regulation- red tape * Revenue disbursal is e truly day expenditure gas, electricity, gainful suppliers for materials, petrol, wavers and salaries. * Capital expenditure is expenditure on assets- car, machinery and equipment. Sources of Finance * Retained lolly * Whatever breads the trade ramp ups is ploughed back into the exhibit product line sector concern sector to make it grow. * Advantages * Doesnt founder to be re nonrecreational No interest charges * more than the billet grows, frequently(prenominal) of a sugar you make * Disadvantages * whitethornbe limited- constrain pose of wrinkle expansion * whitethorn run show up speedyly * sleek over devour to pay coin back * the to a greater extent bring in you put back into the personal line of credit the less you get to slide by * Sale of Assets * Assets ar the things the credit line owns. * Where the business trade ins things of their own to sack coin. * Advantages * Get money and when loose an asset * Dispose of un apply assets * Get your money back straight away * Finance development without extra borrowing * Disadvantages comprise money to transfer assets * Taxed on capital letter gains * Grow in encourage quicker than what the funds raft yield elsewhere * Personal Sources ( possessors funds) * Its money put into the business by the owner * Advantages * Doesnt urinate to be repaid * Immediately available and accessible * Disadvantages * If the business fall ins youve lost your own money * Bank Overdraft * Balance of a assert account when funds in conkn exceed funds deposited * Arranging a flexible loan on which the business bear draw as necessary up to an concur limit * Advantages Flexible- in that location when you engage it, helps to maintain exchange melt and you only borrow what you impoverishment. * Quick Overdrafts argon easy and quick to arrange, providing a respectable cash flow backup with the minimum of fuss * Disadvantages * Cost Overdrafts leave interest and leans often at more(prenominal) higher pass judgment than loans. This makes them very expensive for long term borrowing. You also demo large charges if you go over the agreed overdraft limit. * Recall Unless specified in the terms and conditions, the aver kindle recall the entire overdraft at whatever season.This whitethorn put across if you fail to make o ther payments, or if you commence broken terms and conditions though m whatsoever ages the banking keep companys simply change their policies. * Security- Overdrafts may need to be secured against your business assets, which put them at risk if you kindlenot toy repayments. * Trade mention * Where they crumb purchase estimables and pay at a later ap peakee * Advantages * You stinker debauch the stock and pay later when you oblige sell the stock and do adequacy money to pay them back * Eases the cash flow as you can pay after 28-30 days * Disadvantages If you do not pay them back on prison term you can draw up a bad reference history * Only companies with good acknowledgement history can be accepted the trade credit grant * Hire Purchase * A business can buy an asset and pay over a point in judgment of conviction of time with interest. * Advantages * foundert have to pay it all at once- spreading be * much money to pay for your own business * Disadvantages * T he item youve bought could be out of date by the time youve finished paying. * Interest could be added. * Leasing * Renting assets * Advantages * Dont have to pay interest table service & maintenance included * Dont have to worry nearly money being withdrawn * Equipment upgraded every a couple of(prenominal) years * Friends and family more spontaneous to put up * non giving swan up * Disadvantages * notes youve used for leasing could go else where * The item never belongs to you * Bank Loans * Sum of money lent for a wintry period of time with interest * Advantages * continuance of loan can vary * Interest is fixed * Loan guarantees business has money * Bank has no control of business * Disadvantages * Interest rates * Loose possessions due to debt Pay it, even if youre not earning profit * Venture Capital * Capital invested in a project in which there is a substantial element of risk, typically a new or hold outing business. * Advantages * Provide a mentor * Dont need t o repay money back * Helps the business get money outwardly * Disadvantages * Loose some control of the business * Pay legal & news report fees * Lengthy issue * Sh atomic number 18 Capital * whatsoever investors that put some money into the business get a fate of the profits * Advantages * Helps you start up * Dont have to pay it back * Business ordain grow If your bringing extra shareholders in, it will bring in additional expertises * Disadvantages * Loose some control of business * bemuse to give out a share of your profits individually year * Business Angel * Is an individual who proposes capital for a business start-up usually for business equity * Advantages * have experience from the business holy man * good pecuniary start * experiment with ideas * Disadvantages * sustain up some of your business * Higher risks of being took * Factors that determine which source of pay to use * Length of time- short term or long term get a linetrol- how much are you instinct ive to give up? * Amount needed * What is the money needed for? * Affordability- can you afford to repay? * Level of risk you are willing to take * Type of business cost * Expenditures made by a business in tell apart to carry out trading. * Types of cost * FIXED- those that do not change with directs of getup or sales. Also know as indirect cost. * VARIABLE- these that change directly with level of output or sales. Also known as direct cost. * measure be = arrive cost Fixed be variable cost Total Costs Fixed Costs Variable Costs * Total Variable Costs OutputTotal Variable Costs Output Average variable cost per attaining block of measurement= * Total Revenue/Turnover * The apprise of sales over a period of time * interchange damage No of Units interchange Selling toll No of Units Sold * Total Revenue Total Costs Total Revenue Total Costs Profit- what is left after hail be have been deducted from taxation. * office * not the same as profit- fixed be are not subtr acted * Selling determine per unit Variable Costs per unit Selling Price per unit Variable Costs per unit Goes towards paying your fixed costs, and the left over is profit. * Total Contri saveion * you can emergence this by increasing selling price * get down variable costs per unit Contri howeverion Per unit No of Units Sold Contri moreoverion Per unit No of Units Sold * Break-even * Fixed costs of business Contribution per unit Fixed costs of business Contribution per unit The number of wares you need to sell or make to cover costs, and not dope off anything or make profit. * Break-even Graphs * Margin of safety * Difference mingled with cur engross sales and break-even point * It shows the amount by which invite can fall before the business starts making a passage * What can simulate the breakeven point? Action EffectIncrease fixed costs Break-even rises, need to make/sell more to break-even Prices increase Increase in tax, break-even point falls Increase in variable c osts Break-even point rises Fall in pick up Break-even point is not effected but margin of safety is reduced Price cut Break-even increases * Strengths of Break fifty-fifty * Simple to understand and useful for what if scenarios e. g. what happens if there is a price increase, increase in costs etc. * Helps to estimate future sales or level of output needed to meet objectives in terms of profit * Helps with business decision making e. . to catch out if a business start-up or new product is viable * Supports applications for finance e. g. loans from the bank * Weaknesses of Break scour * They are predictions for the future, therefore not constantly honest due to changes internally and externally in business environment * As hites all output is sold- not always the case * Only as good as the info on which it is based, therefore wide or poor quality entropy make it not very useful * Cash Flow Forecasts * What is it? * Its a prediction showing timings of cash inflows and cash outflows of a business * Its SHORT TERM It shows the tinct on a business bank balance * NOT THE SAME AS PROFIT * A business may have the strength for profit in the long-term but have short-term cash problems * Purposes * Forecast when outflows exceed inflows * Plan when and how to finance major items of expenditure * Ensure liquid assets are available to meet payments * Highlight when cash surpluses could be made better use of * discharge to lenders that borrowed funds can be repaid * Benefits * Indicate periods of time where there energy be cash flow problems e. g. egative cash flow * Put proposals in place to cover periods of negative cash flow e. g. arrange an overdraft or short term loan * If there is significant negative cash flow to identify outflows may be reduced * Review timings and amounts of recipes and payments (e. g. may need to reduce credit terms to customers or extend credit terms with suppliers) * Show to a potential lender or investor e. g. bank of venture ca pitalist or business angel. * Limitations * Inflows might be inaccurate due to poor food commercialise research or incorrect self-assertion e. g. hat there product will be of higher pack * External factors may affect your forecast e. g. rise in pomposity which increases costs, competitors, weather, major event e. g. the Olympic Games * Inexperience- a person new to business has no historical data to base a cash flow on. Their inexperience may also cause them to make inaccurate predictions * upset(prenominal) cost increases e. g. due to inflation or weather * Budgets * A calculate is a monetary butt end for the future covering revenue (income) and expenditure * Expenditure budget- allocates money to cost areas e. g. alaries, rent, advertising * Income budget- sets out sales revenue target for a department or unit of measurement business i. e. how much money they are expected to bring in * Profit budget- sets out target profit for a business or department or individual over a given time period * Why budget? * Help you to not overspend- dependent on good financial control and monitoring * Help with risks- contingencies * Help to motivate supply * liberal financial responsibility * Help with trying to secure financing * Gives you something to monitor against * Help to improve financial efficiency Stages in setting a budget * Benefits of Budgeting * Help motivate staff e. g. given sales targets * Gives people financial responsibility * Helps to control costs * Gives employees financial responsibility * For a new business helps it to assess whether it is viable or not * washbowl persuade lenders of the viability of the business * Provides clear goals gives the business something to roleplay towards * altogetherows monitoring of financial performance against targets * Disadvantages * Time go through * For a new business there is no historical data * Gathering information can be costly Level of inflation not easy to predict * shadower be demotivati ng for staff if imposed rather than agreed * whitethorn be unfore plann changes e. g. in tastes. Supplies, external environment * Inexperience if youre not experienced you might make mistakes * Variance Analysis * Measures the difference among forecast budget figures and demonstrable budget figures * A adverse negative, not good * F favourable variation good ++ * Favourable variance occurs +++ * Where actual profit higher than budgeted * Where actual sales inflict than budgeted * Where actual costs disgrace than budgeted * Adverse variance occurs Where actual profit lower than budgeted * Where actual sales lower than budgeted * Where actual costs higher than budgeted * protect Businesses Rights * Intellectual property * Is property that results from original creative thought, as patent of inventions, secure material and stigmatizes. * ALL businesses have IP * Your IP is bidly to be a rich asset, it could include * Name of business * Products/ go you provide * Written /artistic material you create * Your IP rights can * raise your business apart from competitors * Be sold or licensed, providing a revenue stream * Offer customers something new or different Form an penury part in your foodstuffing and branding * Be used as security for loans * Patents * A patent is an grievous bodily harm right to use a process or produce a product usually for a fixed period of time, up to 20 years * Needed to understand that competitors cannot copy inventors ideas * This ensures that the inventors can recoup the initial research and development cost * This lay offs companies to gain an advantage over their competitors and increase their revenue * Companies can process other companies that breach these terms and stop them selling the product e. g. Dyson and vacuum-clean * Benefits The patent holder has exclusive commercial rights to use and license the foundation * Legal action can be taken against anyone who tries to use this finesse without the patent ho lders consent e. g. competitors * The existence of the patent may be enough to deter would-be infringers * The patent can be sold * Drawbacks * A full description of the conception is published and can be viewed by anyone applying to the appropriate patent administration office. * After the exclusive patent period other people or businesses can freely use the invention without needing authorization from or making a payment to the inventor. The cost of the patent may out-weigh the financial advantages of the invention. * Patents take time to create as they need to be very peculiar(prenominal) * Trademarks * A word, image, sound or impression that enables a business to differentiate itself from competitors * Designated by symbols * TM unregistered assay-mark GOODS * SM unregistered service mark SERVICES * R registered trademark * Advantages * TM and SM can be used to claim ownership without registration * Help owner protect mark from being used by competitors * Once company ha s trademark ownership it will have exclusive rights worldwide * Disadvantages Owner has to show proof of use at regular intervals if documents arent filed could lose trademark * Weakest IP protection as it protects marketing concepts and not always product itself * Have to pay fee for registration and renewal * Copyright * The protection given to books, plays, films and music * This ensures that people cannot copy or use protected items without the owners permission (and usually at a cost) * CR can protect * Literacy industrial plant e. g. ovels, instruction manuals, song lyrics, newspaper articles * Dramatic works e. g. dance or mime * Musical works * Artistic works e. g. paintings, engravings, photos * Layouts or typographic arrangements used to publish a work e. g. a book * Recordings of a work e. g. sound and film * Broadcasts of work * Advantages * Right to produce and produce their work * Right to authorise others to produce or reproduce * Prevents your work from being stol en or misused * Allows copyright holder to sue infringers Disadvantages * Does not allow you to permit others to use your work or to distribute it * You must(prenominal) own the copyright to be able to exercise the rights it grants. Being manufacturing business does not always grant ownership * dispatchs time and costs money * Designs * An industrial design right is an IP right that protects visual designs of objects that are not purely utilitarian (useful) * A recognised design is a legal right which protects the overall visual appearance of a product in the country or countries your register it in. For a designs registration to be valid * Has to be new * Have individual character * Advantages * Allows owner to control who uses it and how. * Allows author of a creative work to profit from it by charging for its use or by selling or licensing the rights * Gives owner exclusive rights to the use of the property * Deters others from misusing it * Allows owner to take legal action mo re easily against anyone who uses the design without permission * Compensation for misuse * Disadvantages * Registration can to expensive Not all designs can be registered * Have to be renewed after 25 years * Franchising * A prerogative is a business structure in which the owner of a business idea (the franchisor) sells the right to use that idea to another person (the franchisee) usually in return for a fee and a share in any profit the franchisee makes. * A franchisee is a person or company who has paid to become part of an established franchise business e. g. subway or Specsavers * A franchisor is the owner of the holding company and franchise * FRANCHISOR Advantages Disadvantages Franchisor can expand business quickly * Potential loss of control over how the product/service is presented * Franchisor earns revenue from the franchisees turnover * hard-fought to control quality as franchise network expands * Risk is shared- much of the cost is met by the franchisee * Co-ordin ation and conference problems may increase as it grows * Franchisee may have good entrepreneurial skills which will earn the franchiser revenue * Some franchisees become powerful as they acquire a number of franchises * FRANCHISEE Advantages Disadvantages Franchisee able to sell an already recognised and successful product/service * Proportion of revenue is paid to franchisor * Take advantage of central services much(prenominal) as marketing, purchasing, training, stock control and accounting systems and admin provided by franchisor * Franchisee may not fell that business is his/her own. And may not benefit from the personal rewards of entrepreneurship * Franchisor may have experience in the market that the franchisee can benefit from * Right to operate franchise could be withdrawn * OVERALL FRANCHISE Advantages Disadvantages Existing business format * Business format already set out * Banks more likely to lend to a franchise then to a new business * lighten an element of risk involved in buying a franchise, no guarantee of success * Less risk then new business * Other franchisees may give the brand a bad report card * Already established business * Maybe difficult to sell the franchise * Theres thing you need to research before buying a franchise * Is there any upfront costs? * Any fees need to plan? May need to lease property or equipment from franchisor * How is franchisor making money? Regional protection guarantees franchisor isnt going to sell other franchises or open up outlets nearby * How many franchises fail in a year? * Value of a re-sold franchise, is it a lucrative investment? * Legal Factors * Public bound caller-out (PLC) * Is owned by shareholders and shares can be bought and sold publicly. Advantages Disadvantages * Access of funds * F luckation can be expensive to process * Many investors * conjunction must have ? 50,000 in shares capital and have 25% in shareholders before trading. * Bankers and lenders see stable bu siness * Not possible to keep control * * goose egg topping competitors buying shares * * The owner is not in control. * Partnership * is more than one person in business together without having a company Advantages Disadvantages * few steps to follow to become a partnership * loss of control * additional skills * no liability, can lose possessions * more capital * got to be able to trust partner * share strain * lawfully bounded * different skills * * Processes * Formal documents have to be written * All partners have to agree to and sign the 1980 partnership act * Have to draw up a deed of partnership Private Limited Company (LTD) * Is that the owners are shareholders and their ownership of the business is determined by the proportion of the original shares each person holds. Advantages Disadvantages * Access to funds through shares * Bankers may see business as a risk * contributet lose control * More complicated setup * Stable structure * Lenders may see limited liability as a risk * Limited liability * * When shareholders die/resign the business doesnt stop * * Processes * Have to keep de give chase record once trading * Complicated process to setup Sole trader * Is the most common and simplest form of business organisation, it is one person operating a business alone. Advantages Disadvantages * Simple and quick to setup * Unlimited liability * Inexpensive to setup * Difficult to raise additional finance * Any profit made is the owners to keep or reinvest * All decisions rest with owner * Owner has complete control * consume comes from the owner * block birth between the business and customer can be built up * * Hours of work can be tailed to suit entrepreneur * * Processes Very little needed to setup * When up and running must keep basic records for tax, national insurance and bathtub purposes. * Not-for-profit businesses loving enterprise * A charitable company that doesnt keep profits. Advantages Disadvantages * Entrep reneurs can earn a living doing something valuable * Profits and social aims may conflict difficult choices * The more successful the more caller benefits * The entrepreneur will always have to accept a lower return than with a profit making business, because a proportion of the profit will go towards the social aim. * Customers may be more willing to buy from a social enterprise * * Easier to recruit, motivate and retain employees * * Grants or other forms of finance are available * * Unlimited Liability- the debts of the business are the owners responsibility * Unincorporated business- owner and business have no recess legal identity. * Added Value * the difference in value between the price of the finished product and the cost of materials used * it is the value of the process of transformation of INPUTS into OUTPUTS * Inputs- also known as the factors of production raw materials i. e. cotton and chaff * do work * domain e. g. building and rooms * capital * enterpr ise * Outputs- is the product or service or benefit to the customer * Business is a process where INPUTS are processed to produce OUTPUTS * At each stage of the process VALUE is ADDED so that the finished product is greater than the sum of value of all the inputs * Adding value you could * Branding * Quality * Design * unparalleled features unique selling point * size * Reputation * Range of products * incase * Celebrity endorsement * Good service * Offers * Location * Additional services Qualifications of staff * Transformation process * This refers to the process or processes that factors of production go through in order to produce goods and services. How business activity is categorize * Benefits of adding value * You can charge more * It differentiates you from the competition * Reduces the sensitivity of demand to changes in price * Higher profit margins * deal target product or service at a different sucker piece * Business Plan * Is a document setting out the busines s idea and showing how it is to be financed, marketed and put into practice.It is likely to be life-or-death part of an attempt to raise finance from outside sources such as a bank. * A detailed document that looks at the workings of a new business. * Structure of a Business Plan 1. Introduction/ analysis/overview 2. Details of product/service 3. The market- who your customers are 4. marting plan how are you going to clear customers? 5. Staffing plan- employ who? 6. Operational plan- logistics of business e. g. how customers will pay, where you will source things from 7. Financial plan 8. The future long term plans, growth and expansion * Benefits Essential planning tool makes the business think carefully rough all aspects of the business * Set objectives against which the business can then measure progress and performance * To support application for finance/funding * Identify any problems or pitfalls e. g. wish of expertise in the business * A written down plan enables con tinuity, for example, if the owner becomes ill or unable to work in the business for a period of time * Helps assess the viability of a business is it likely to succeed * Disadvantages Time consuming to research and draw up * Lack of expertise first time entrepreneur may not have knowledge needed * Forecasts may not happen e. g. sales might not be as predicted * Can be too rigid if owner tries to stick to the plan needs to be flexible * market Research * Gathers info astir(predicate) consumers, competitors and distributors within a quicks target market * Primary Research- data gathered by the entrepreneur, or paid to be collected, which does not already exist. Pros Cons Aim directly at your objectives * Expensive,? 10,000 per sketch * Latest info * Risk of it being bias e. g. interviews and questionnaires * Assess psychological science of customer * Research findings may only be useable if like back data exists. * Methods * Observation * Focus groups * Test marketing * Questionnaire telephone, face to face and email * Secondary Research data already in existence that has not been collected ad hocally for the purposes of the entrepreneur. Pros Cons Often obtained without cost * Not updated regularly * Good overview of a market * Not tailored to you * Based on actual sales figures, or research on large samples * Expensive to buy reports on many different market places * Sampling * the entrepreneur does not have the resources/time/skills to research everyone so a choice has to be made to select a proportion of those that could be researched * Random sample * Not haphazard * Computers used to generate random lists of people * Quota sample * Characteristics of marker Can be cheaper and accurate * Collected on street inlet * Stratified sample * Randomly chosen from a sub-group * Sample size of it * How many people you want to interview? * Consideration * Cost, time, target market * Quantative Data * Data in numerical form. An example is 8 out o f 10 owners who expressed a preference said their cats preferred supply. * Quantative data is usually collected from larger scale research in order to generate statistically reliable results. * Good for establishing key info about a business and its market * Numerical information * Focuses on what is happening. Techniques * Online survey * Telephone survey * Questionnaire * Qualitative Data * Data about opinions, attitudes and retrieveings. It is usually expressed in terms of why people feel or behave the way they do. * Difficult and expensive to collect * More revealing and useful * Information about attitudes, feelings and opinions * Focuses why it is happening * Techniques * In-depth interviews * pigeonholing discussions * Exam Tips * When asked to analyse market research carried out, consider the following * dependableness of the research e. g. was it up-to-date? How representative was the research e. g. was the sample representative of the target market. * Sample size was it large enough to be valid and reliable? * Response rate * Questions were the right questions asked? * Bias is the research likely to be bias? Who was asked? Was the method appropriate? E. g. questionnaires often produce bias results. * Market Share, Size and Growth * Market Share * This is the proportion of a centre market accounted for by one Product Company. * Market share can either be expressed as a % or as a value of the overall market * X 100X 100 Company Value Company Value Total value of the market Total value of the market * Market size- * The total sales for a whole market e. g. pet food expressed in the terms of value (? s) or units. ( dont know how to calculate it, no specific formula) * Market Growth- * Change in Size Change in Size Measures the percentage change in sales (volume or value) over a period of time. X 100 X 100 Previous Market Size Previous Market Size * To calculate the change is * refreshful Market Size Previous Market Size * Understating the Mar ket Market- anyone willing and with the financial ability to buy a product or service. * 2 types * Electronic market * Does not have a physical presence, but exists in terms of a virtual presence via the internet. * Many businesses have gone from brick to click * In fact there are business which exist to help other business create an online presence (e. g. shopcreator. com ) Advantages of realistic Presence Disadvantages of Virtual Presence * All customers are equally near from the business so distribution costs are reasonably constant. * Price transparency * The world is the market * Might get a plentifulness of hits doesnt mean people are buying * Less expensive marketing & distribution * No sales staff to encourage & can * 24/7 opening, no need to close * Website crashes * No necessity for an expensive location. * Security issues * Start-up costs lower * Some people like to go to a shop and browse * Business can answer quicker to customer requests * Lack of help and suppo rt. Factors Affecting Demand * Price- some products/services have a demand which is very radiosensitive to price changes. Competition- the actions of competition particularly in relation their prices, or the features of their products will affect demand. * Incomes- some products/services have a demand which is very sensitive to changes in peoples income. * Marketing there is a relationship between the amount of money spent on marketing and the demand for the product. * External Factors- such as seasonality will also affect demand and possibly price. Market Segmentation. A technique where a whole market is broken down into smaller sections to identify groups of consumers with similar characteristics. * Segmentation characteristics * get along * CULTURE * GENDER SOCIAL CLASS * LIFE CYCLES * INTERESTS/ LIFE movement * INCOME * Benefits * Help them to know customers and suit their needs * Increase sales * Make more profit * Retain more customers * Increase market share * Improve m arketing. * Limitations * Need a good knowledge of the market a small business start-up may not have this. * Can be difficult to predict customer behaviour they dont always behave like predicted. Location * Location is the place where a firm decides to site its operations. * Location decisions can have a big impact on costs and revenues. * E. G. * Skilled labour available * Low land cost * Low rent * Close to customers High unemployment * Low unemployment * Close to raw materials * Close to suppliers * Cheap labour * Government assistance e. g. grants * inhabit to expand * Within the EU trade area * Low potbelly stove tax * Access to ports * Excellent road networks * Low transport costs * Quantative factors those that have a numerical value attached to them e. g. low rent * Qualitative factors other factors associate with, for example, quality of the infrastructure or labour available. * Infrastructure the fundamental facilities and systems serving a county, city or area, suc h as transportation and communication systems, power plants and schools.Employing People * Staffing options * Full-time a instalment of staff who works in excess of 30 hours per week. Benefits Drawbacks * purchasable all the time to handle unexpected events. * High cost. * Able to build up better working relationships with each other- spending a lot of time together. * Might not give the business flexibility in terms of an ability to increase capacity. * Build up relationships with customers or suppliers. * * More loyal and committed. * * Take advantage of training opportunities. * Part-time a member of staff who generally works fewer than 30 hours per week or a fraction of a full-time contract. They have the same employment rights as full-time employees. Benefits Drawbacks * Flexibility * Difficult to access training * Can be used when there are busy periods of trade * Difficult to communicate between part-time staff * Extend trading & production periods * Less able to build close relationships with customers * Allows people to manage work alongside other commitments, such as family * Cost of employing and managing people on a part-time basis may not be much lower than full-time. * Job share wider range of skills and talents * Small business- starting point, allow small businesses to build slowly * If someone doesnt want to work full-time they can become part-time and the business still has valuable experienced staff. * Temporary- employees who are employed for fixed periods of time, often seasonal workers, can be part-time or full-time. Benefits Drawbacks * If the volume of business may be uneven or uncertain the entrepreneur can keep the level of staff very flexible. * May not know the working of the business or its culture. * Specific tasks or jobs may need doing which may have a finite time period. * Not as motivated as permanent. * Business could lack certain skills which are only needed for specific period of times * Make communic ation difficult. * Help a business through a period of short term staff shortage- e. g. gestation period cover. * Customers may not like a constantly changing work force e. g. service businesses. * May eventually become permanent. * Consultants & Advisors- * Businesses or individuals who provide sea captain person advice or services over a specific period of time for a fee. Small businesses often use consultants for advice on specific issues as it is more cost effective than employing a permanent member of staff e. g. for advice on marketing, human resources etc. Benefits Drawbacks * Bring in skills and expertise. * Can be expensive. * More cost effective. * Not know business as hygienic as employees. * Adjust size of work-force up or down quickly. * May not be motivated to work hard. * Assessing Business Start-ups In order to be able to assess the success of a business you have to look at the original objectives. Business objectives * Objectives are quantifiable targe ts set by an organisation against which they can measure their success. * Clearly defined targets for a business to accomplish over a certain time period. * contingent objectives * Profit maximisations- tying to earn as much profit as possible but this might conflict with other objectives. * Profit red-blooded making enough profit without risking too much stress or loss of control through employment of too many professional managers. * Survival- primary objective in the first few years of any new business. Sales growth- the owners try to make as many sales as possible. * Social objectives- the main objective would be to correct on of societys problems but there may be a financial requirement to at least break even too. * Benefits- * Give direction and focus to the owners and the people who work in the business. * Create a well-defined target so the owners can make appropriate plans to achieve these targets. * Inform lenders and investors of the aims of the business. * Give a gu ideline for assessing the performance of the business overtime. * mustiness be SMART Specific- clearly related to only that business * Measurable- put a value to an objective helps when assessing performance * Agreed- by all those involved in trying to achieve the objective. Increase motivational impact. * Realistic should be challenging but not impossible. * Time specific- should have a time limit so performance can be assessed effectively. * Why new business fail * Insufficient capital * Poor management skills/ lack of experience * Poor location * Lack of planning * Poor market research * Over-expansion * External factors e. g. price increases, competitors. Niche MarketsA small and clearly diagnosable segment of a market. E. g. specialist sports cars, gluten-free food, vinyl, bespoke furniture, tailor-made clothing. Characteristics * Relatively few customers, therefore small volume of sales. * Premium priced, therefore good potential for profitability. * Product is often high ly differentiated. * Usually too small to attract larger businesses, therefore attractive to smaller businesses. Advantages Disadvantages * Little competition easy to gain market share. * Tend to have higher fixed costs as they are spread across relatively small volumes of output/sales. * Can charge premium prices potential for higher profit. * Degree of speciality makes turning point markets vulnerable to changes in market conditions. * Can focus on needs of individual customers and respond quickly to changes in these needs. * Successful niche may attract interest of larger firms small firms may find it difficult to compete. * Allow small firms to compete effectively. * Gain first proposer advantage i. e. first in the market, can establish brand/image. * Can target market more effectively e. g. have a more personalised service.

Collaboration Worksheet Essay

What are the advantages of having diversity in a collaborative discipline environs? Some of the advantages of having diversity in a collaborative learning environment are that distributively someone has something to bring to the throng. Diversity makes it easy for each person in the meeting to learn more about the matter at hand, because each person comes from a divers(prenominal) background and had various experiences, and brings something different to the collaborative assort. When working with other people, you get the chance to go into depth about the motion, and you get the chance to have a different teacher. Maybe the teachers teaching style doesnt outfit with your personal learning style, so having psyche in your group that understands what is being taught may be able to help you to understand the topic better. Bring more sporty to the subject per say. How might factors such as diversity, attitude, learning, and work styles affect quislingism? Factors such as diversity, attitude, learning, and work styles can affect collaboration in a number of ways. Diversity affects collaboration, because there may be someone in the group that is very intolerant to diversity, and closed minded. Attitude plays a big role in collaboration, because if everyone in the group has a hefty attitude then collaboration is easy, however, if even one person in the group has a bad attitude, it can turn the entire group attitude negative, making collaboration difficult or even impossible. discipline and work styles also greatly affect collaboration, because as I mentioned previously, everyone has a learning style, as well as a teaching style, so the more people in a group, the more likely it is that everyone learns the topic to the best of their ability. As for work styles, this can cause problems when it comes to collaboration, because everyone in the group has to agree that the assignment should be done in a contingent way, and a particular work style may not fi t with that persons said work style. That also goes with learning how to be open-minded. How does personal function influence the work and success of a group? Personal debt instrument influences the work and success of a group, because each person in a group has to put forwards equal effort in finish the task at hand. If I did not have a since of personal responsibility, I might not put forth my share of work, and thusly hindering the success of my group. Personal responsibility pushes a person to exceed in the school or work place, and the better a person is doing, the more effort a person puts forth reflects on the group as a whole, and makes them more successful together. This is why when working in a group, or even by yourself, it is important to put forth every bit of effort possible.

Devil wear prada essays Essay

incommode wears Prada was presented in 2006, based on the Lauren Weisbergers novel of the same name. This is the base about a girl named Andrea Sachs who want to be a substantive journalist. For her wish, she opted to become an assistance of Miranda, a tough editor-in-chief of rail dash c artistryridge holder. From there, she had to reduce completely the challenges and the lure of the luxury life which atomic number 18 brought by this job. Particularly, the acquire also menti nonpareild impressively the organizational gardening theory of track spurt magazine partnership. II. Aspect of culture in rails fashion magazine company via Devil wears Prada. 1. The basic, underlying assumptionsAs the assume shown, all decisions are do by Miranda, the editor-in-chief. Additionally, the employees eve sewernot watch mistakes. Their ideas are also considered rigorously by Miranda. About the kind of people employed, the knowledge of the employees must be heights in fashion. Mor eover, they bedevil to be passionate in fashion One significant thing of this organization is that when the employees do something right, they wont be promoted or complimented. However, when they ca-ca mistakes, they can be scolded or even dismissed. 2. Overt beliefNigel, the art director of Runway said This is a place which product many excellent artists of the century. All their works, their creation is greater than the art because they lived for that or the position as Mirandas assistances is called A one thousand thousand girls would kill for. Anyone who work for this position for one year can give for any newspaper office in New York. All the in a higher place reasons prove that Runway fashion magazine company has a blotto organizational culture thanks to legendary figures such as Miranda, De La Renta, etc. 3. Visible artefactRunway is a fashion magazine. indeedThe office design and furniture are modern. The pictures and photos about Runway are presented in all over the w alls in the company. The employees have to be cool especially the female ones are slim and pretty. All of them worship the Runway magazine. 4. SymbolsThe image of the leader is also the image of the company, it is Miranda. She are known as a tough and evil boss. Andrea, her assistance becomes something like a private servant. The employees are scare of her but also respect her. Its product, the magazine, became a cook symbol in the fashion industry. 5. Rules, norms, ethical codes and valuesMiranda is the fearsome boss. The just about important one is to never ask her anything. All the employees have to conduct by her decisions, including Nigel, the art direct. Moreover, the employees must understand the company culture to make a best choices and success. 6. Ritual, rites, ceremonies and celebrationsObviously, the morning-routine can be clearly observed at Runway in Mirandas office. Everything is prepared in a fashionable way before her arrival. When she arrives, people avoid h er by anyway a girl gets out of the lift for her and apologize, people in the corridor turn underpin the way they came from, etc. Working under Mirandas supervision crave certain rituals. When Andy goes to deliver the book to Mirandas house, Emily informs her about the strict book-ritual. III. Types of culture1. Power cultureThe organization is controlled by central figures the editor-in-chief, Miranda. She is the most fibrous and famous one in company. Then, all important decisions are made by her. Likewise, she has the influence on the decisions of the employee. For instance, in the meeting with fine art teamwork, she is the plainly one who can choose the suitable ideas for the new accruement and almost of them are denied but no one dare to jibe her opinions. Change or innovation is crucial in the fashion industry. Runway uses teamwork in order to get new fresh ideas. Miranda lets her team make suggestions to develop a new outfit for Runway-cover.The balance in Runway have a tendency to integrate all the ideas instead of make difference, under Mirandas tight control and the strong organizational culture. work but not least, there are the good relationships between Miranda and her assistance, Andrea or Emily and Andrea. After a hard working time, Andrea was recognized by Miranda and she can come to the Fashion week in Paris withher boss. Finally, Miranda said to Andrea scarcely I documentaryly see a great deal of myself in you.About Emily and Andrea, they have a beautiful friendship Emily always helped Andrea to use up the tasks. At the end of the film, Andrea gave Emily all the clothes which she had wear in Paris. 2. office staff cultureA role culture has a highly specify structure, where everybody has its own role. At Runway, people do not seem to have a clearly defined role. Obviously, Miranda was in the highest level in company. She compete her role as an editor-in-chief, a design team leader and a human resource manager at the same time. And rea is not only her assistance but also her personally servant to buy solid food or drinks and even do the scientific exercises for her daughters. Particularly, Andrea is so smart that she could search what the others would think or do. In addition, all main characters in the film have a strong ambition. They can take risk to come across anything they want.For example Andrea, she applied for the post of Mirandas assistance in one year to have a chance of being a real journalist in New York. There is not much establish for the stability of Runway fashion magazine company but with the feat which this company have got, it can be seen that the organization had a high stabilization. IV. ConclusionDevil wears Prada demonstrated that Runway fashion magazine company had a strong organizational culture which include sufficiently all the aspect of culture but only two types of culture.