Conceptual framework Essay Example for Free

Conceptual framework canvassThe table1 below shows that the theories for the credence and diffusion of an IT- mingyd innovation. Scholar name Theory name 1. Rogers (1983, 1995) Innovation diffusion scheme 2. Moore and benbasat (1991) Perceived characteristics of innovation 3. Davis (1989) Technology acceptance flummox 4. K won and Zmud (1987) dispersion/ implementation model 5. Fishbein and Ajzens (1975) Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) Table1 2, a list of innovation undertakeion theories.Davis developed the engineering science acceptance model in 1989. It aims to explain the determinants of computer acceptance in general the capability of the drug manipulationrs behavior across a broad range of end-user computing technologies and user populations, while macrocosm parsimonious and theoretically justified (Davis 1989). The surmisal includes several theoretical backgrounds like adoption of innovations, the cost-benefit paradigm, expectancy theory, and self-efficacy theo ry.At the core of the theory is the model proposed by Davis, which focuses on the perceived usefulness of engineering science and perceived salvage of use, which plays a significant influence in adopting innovation. Figure 1. Davis Technology Acceptance Model Davis TAM originated from the Fishbein and Ajzens Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) model (Davis, 1989). The TRA model aims to explain a broader range of behaviors based on situation specific combinations of personal beliefs and attitudes, and the effects of beliefs of others close to the individual (Szajna, 1996).The discussion and demarcation of the theories A limitation has been found for using those theories is that according to the research, there ar however the Innovation diffusion theory (Roger, 1995) and distribution/ implementation model (K won and Zmud, 1987) predict the both of an individuals adoption behavior and an makeups adoption behavior. (Anand Jeyaraj, Joseph W Rottam, Mary C Lacity). The others theorie s predict only an individuals adoption behavior.In another words, the TAM and TRA only exam the innovation adoption from the individual blogger perspective. However, to eliminate the limitation, the actor will choose using with the DOI theory together in crop to deeply lose it the both innovation adoption by individual bloggers and organizations. Diffusion and Rogers Diffusion of Innovation Theory 1995 Diffusion is the process in which and innovation is communicated through current channels over time among the members of a kindly system.It is a special type of conference, in that the messages be concerned with pertly mentations (Rogers 1995, 5). In his works, Rogers discusses diffusion as the transfer of innovations through different media in a specific time and into different members of the fond system. He also defines communication, an important and critical part of the diffusion of innovations. He defines communication in the diffusion of innovations as a process in wh ich participants create and sh be information with one another in parliamentary law to reach a mutual looking.This definition implies that communication is a process of convergence (or divergence) as ii or more individuals exchange information in order to move toward each other (or apart) in meanings that they give to certain events (Rogers 1995, 6). Communication is a very important factor in the diffusion of innovations, it is a medium which must be perceived as a two way process rather as a one-way linear act, since in the diffusion of innovations, those who are yet to accept the innovations must be well adept and informed almost the innovation.Blogging is a form of innovation which involves the interaction of a whole social system in the dynamic cyberspace. Corpo tramp blog is seen as a communication method which involves the interaction of two or more individuals or even a whole social system. Diffusion is a special type of communication in which the messages are ab turn out a parvenu composition. This newness of the idea in the message content gives diffusion its special character (Rogers 1995, 6). From these statements come new concepts such(prenominal) as newness, uncertainty, and information in the context of diffusion.While uncertainty is the point to which a number of alternatives are perceived with respect to the occurrence of an event and the relative probability of alternatives. Uncertainty implies a lack of predictability, of structure, and of information. Rogers (1995) cites Rogers and Kincaid (1981) in the discussion of Information in the context of diffusion. Wherein, Information is a difference in matter-energy that affects uncertainty in a situation where a choice exists among a set of alternatives. Advances in technology, embodies information and reduces uncertainty about cause-effect singingships in problem solving.Technology is information put into use in order to carry out some task (Rogers et. al. 1999, 689) As technological advances are the major factors diffused, studies have also been conducted in relation to technological transfers which is much related to the diffusion of innovations. Technology transfer is the application of information into use (Rogers 1995). As defined, technological transfer is the application of theoretical innovations into applied inputs and outputs which may be used for both tap and not commercialized produce or services, wherein consumers or corporations benefit.The information that is transferred results from research that is conducted, perhaps in order for it to be applied to the development and commercialization of new or improved products or services that are sold in the marketplace by private companies (Matkin 1990). The process of technological transfer involves an interaction amid the corporation and the interchangeable stakeholders which benefit or which are affected by the corporation. Thus the suggestions in Rogers theory that there must be clear coordination through communication should be applied as reinforce by Williams and Gibson.The technology transfer process usually involves communication between (1) a source of technology that possesses specialized technical skills, and (2) receptors who do not possess these specialized skills and who cannot create the technology themselves (Williams Gibson 1990). Which is basically corresponding to the logical flow that technology is basically transferred to those who are not well adept to the advanced technology. A technology is a design for instrumental action that reduces the uncertainty in the cause-effect relationships involve in achieving a desired outcome (Rogers 1995, 13).Technology often has two aspects, one is the hardware aspect and the second is the software system aspect. The hardware aspect consists of a tool that embodies the technology as a material or fleshly object (Rogers 1995, 13). The hardware aspect often comes as the square(a) part of the technology, as in the cutic le of the computer, the hardware aspect is the keyboard, the monitor, the mouse the central processing unit, semiconductors etc. The software aspect consists of the information base for the tool (Rogers 1995, 6).The software aspect is then self-possessed of the tools which enable the hardware to pursue its functions. As in the case of the computer, the software aspect is the codes, programs, commands, instructions, manuals, etc. Contrary to the common perception that the hardware is mostly is technology since it is normal for pieces to think only of things which they can see and hold yet technology may be purely the software aspect or may entirely be composed only of information which is new and considerably helpful than the current design and functions of normal practices.Examples of these technologies which may be composed of pure information are political ideologies such as Marxism and Maoism and or religious beliefs and ideas such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, etc. Corporate blog may be attributed to the software part, as there is no solid hardware present, but the computers and other equipments. It is an easy way to make organizations adopt to innovations, such technology existed for rather sometime yet there are yet a few corporations who did not join the apparent motion of corporate blogging. Everett Rogers conceptualized the Diffusion of innovation theory in 1995.In this theory, Rogers (1995) points out that the acceptance of an innovation depends upon certain qualities as perceived by the audience. These qualities are the relative advantage of the innovation, its compatibility with existing values and practices, its simplicity and moderation of use, its trialability, and its observable results. Relative advantage is the degree an innovation is perceived as a better idea than its preceding innovations. This quality is measured in economic terms, social prestige, convenience and satisfaction (Robinson, no date).Robinson throw out stresses that t he greater the perceived relative advantage of an innovation, the more rapid its rate of adoption is likely to be. Compatibility with existing values and practices is concerned with the consistency of the innovation to the existing values, recent makes, and needs of potential adopters. If an idea is perceived to be incompatible with existing values and practices of a social system, it is less likely to be adopted. Simplicity and ease of use is the adopters perception on the difficulty of the innovation to understand and use. The simpler the innovation, the more rapid its rate of adoption will be.Trialability is the degree an innovation may be experimented with on a limited basis (Robinson, no date). Trialability of an innovation reduces the potential adopters uncertainties about the innovation. manifest result is the degree to which an adopter sees the results of an innovation. The more visible the result is, the more likely individuals will adopt it. These are the factors that m ust be considered in order to create a successful innovation. In summary, innovations exactly with more relative advantages, greater compatibility, trialability, observability, and less complexity will gain a higher rate of adoption.There are four main elements in the Diffusion of Innovations as identified by Rogers (1995), these are (1) Innovation, (2), Channels, (3) Time, and (4) social system. As defined earlier, Rogers (1995, 11) defines diffusion as the process by which (1) and innovation (2) is communicated through certain channels (3) over time (4) among the members of the social system. Innovations. An innovation is an idea, practice, or object that is perceived as new by and individual or other unit of adoption.I matters little, so far as human behavior is concerned, whether or not an idea is objectively new as measured by the proceed of time since its first use or discovery (Rogers 1995, 12). As Rogers (1995, 12) stresses, it should be assumed that the diffusion and adop tion of all innovations are necessarily desirable. The attributes of innovations are namely, (1) Relative advantage, (2) Compatibility, (3) Complexity, (4) Trialability, and (5) Observability. Rogers (1997, 2) discussed each of the five attributes Relative advantage is the degree to which innovation is perceived as better than the idea it supercedes.Individuals evaluate new ideas in relationship to the ideas with which they are familiar compatibility as the degree to which an innovation is perceived as similar to the individuals past experiences, values and beliefs Complexity as the degree to which an innovation is perceived as difficult to understand and use Trialability as the degree to which an innovation is perceived as divisible by the individual for purposes of gaining personal experience with it and observability as the degree to which an innovation is perceived as highly visible to others.