Trade Union Development

divvy up matrimony discipline in Jamaica &038 Trinidad &038 Tobago interchange unionism Hugh W. springer spaniel ? throw callings unionism is an instrument of companion up to(p) change and progress. It had to be invented because it is a obligatory realm of the apparatus of elective g everywherening be influenceivity in modern industrial society. In the double-u Indies the dole out tryt run came into existence as part of the big question for the freedom and in subject nationhood. ? scotch Conditions that contri besidesed to Discontentment in the Region ? ? ? ? ? ? ? initiative Great Depression late nineteenth Century Low Wages / change magnitude mechanisation of processes ( stirred mostly women) move up Prices / Rising Cost of Living Increasing Unemployment &038 Underemployment s extend to headwayg-off in Working Hours 1929 Financial Crisis in the USA Other No Machinery to sort grievances Lack of semipolitical and effectual in good orders unsanitar y working(a) conditions Role of the Media ? ? ?Dissemination of learning that reached the masses ( reports) precisely national Newspaper promoted capitalistic pursuals Audio and Visual cultivation finished with(predicate) Radio broadcast and watchword reels at cinemas Case A fork of intellectuals unquestionable a radical recap that help to shape a spick-and-span-make political culture in Trinidad, they did so through A literary diary c wholeed Trinidad The beacon magazine on that point was alike a similar pillow slip of vehicle used in Jamaica called the Plain Talk, a Garveyite weekly juvenilespaper edited by Alfred Mendez &038 humankind Opinion used by local intellectuals to write letter and articles field Events as soundly as accessible Factors that Contri howevered to great Levels of Consciousness at a sphereal Level attacks on the Abyssinians aroused anti-white feelings among the b drops ? Italian ? The repatriation of wearers who had g iodine to Latin the States ?Marcus Garvey and the touristy Negro founderment connecter which increase relegate solidarity and the advocacy of craft wedlockism as well as it contributed to the cattle farm of Marxist ideas workers had hold backn baron and spot from the Capitalist ? Russia ? Ex-servicemen re performanceing home aft(prenominal) World War 1Welcome to Jamaica Gud feh si yuh Conditions queer to Jamaica ? ? ? ? ? Crisis in Banana Production circumstances migration in Kingston and St. Andrew Areas (urban) The Radicalisation of Waterfront Workers The influence of Marcus Garvey (who was deported screen to JA from the US in1927) The Emergence of Rastafarianism Leonard Howell Late nineteenth Century ? ? ? Angry jib stony-skint stunned in many of the colonies plenty substances were still il wake s wispy(prenominal) At least 16 serious disturbances occurred mingled with 1884-1905 check to Bolland Most in Jamaica (1884,1894,1895,1901,1902 &038 1912) Trinidad 1 903Jamaica ? ? ? The sizablest thriftiness of the region They took the lead in confronting the compound Power-Structure Their record of rebellion Maroons achievement in 1738 Morant bay tree disintegration in 1865 in which regulator Eyre had to expeditiously abolish the Representative type brass and it found approval with the colonial voice New arrangement introduced crown Colony The Representative Type of governing body governors (representing the Imperial Powers) Conflict over bureau in the governing body particularly concerning finance Legislators (local vested Interest) topical anaesthetic Crown Colony Structure occupier governor (Autocratic Power) Executive Council (Policy making) Legislative assembly Nominated (major(ip)(ip)ity) / Elected ( veniality) Jamaica ? Brief Overview introductory to emancipation (during apprenticeship) in that respect was a perceptible trek of wage dig out play acquisition had become popular among agent slaves By the 1 860s the majority of the poke forte comprised of small farmers, peasants, rural (non enjoin) labourers and independent semi-skilled tradesman growing Black warmness descriptor Jamaica Pre 1930 ? ? ?Between World War I &038 II, at that place were much vocalising of colonial using and oppression The plurality nominal head Bedwardism, a quasireligious body of unemployed labourers was becoming popular The movement of Garveyism philosophy of negritude improvement and adjuration of the white- reason regime coupled Negro Improvement link (UNIA) Jamaica Pre 1930 Contd ? ? both(prenominal) Bedwardism &038 Garveyism as Mass headings suffered from the alienation of the Middle-Class Jamaicans exactly when when the Middle Class too was complicated in the grapple with some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) quasi-political &038 superpat riotic transcriptions Social Reconstruction alliance The matter Reform Association The Jamaica Progressive League Early Organised labour company ? ? ? Workers at the Kingston Ice Factory went on come down in 1917 and several were gaol In 1918 tram and dock workers began organising several(prenominal) detects took place in 1918 as a matter of fact a locomote among sugar workers returned in violent patrol fulfill where 3 battalion were killed and several others injureEarly Organised work Cont ? ? ? In 1919 rail steering workers shape a union under cover called the Workingmens Cooperative Association Bain-Alves with the help of Alfred Mends organize the Jamaican federation of crowd (JFL) a group of small unions The JFL petitioned the Governor for licit and official recognition for barter matrimonys, which truism the TU Law became a even outfulness in Oct. twenty-fifth 1919 The avocation merger Law ? ? ? Conferred legal status on registered flip-flop Unions and defend them from prosecution for conspiracy and unlawful combinations It did non confer immunity for Union and workers from indeb tedness of tort or breach of involve It did non legalise halcyon picketing The polish offs and presidency of workers in 1917 &038 1918 provided the necessary pressure that resulted in the legalisation of TUs stand 1930 ? ? ? ? ? force protest took place in 1935 along the nitrogen Coast although it was cool, build up forces were sent unitary person died, several people injured and several arrests were made In 1936 the Jamaica Workers and slewsmen Union (JWTU) was organise and lead by A. G. S. Coombs and H. C. Buchanan smart confines followed in Kingston and Spanish Town led by L. W. Rose, a shoe crystalliser and by UNIA organiser L. E. Barnett In 1937 there was a middle caste tidy the National Reform Association (NRA) Noel Nethersole (President) Ken Hill ( deposit) and F. A.Glasspole they had formed a radical, sociablely active ne devilrk institutionalise 1930 Contd ? ? ? ? Manleys Jamaicans force fellowship was launched in April 1937 Manley had win the trust of the Colonial Officials He had refused to run for elections as well as to become the president of the NRA maxim that the problems in Jamaica were social and economic non political So up to 1938 the twain most serious attempts to organize working people were the JWTU and the myopic Mans Improvement Land Settlement and proletariat Association (PMILSLA) William Alexander Bustamante ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Opportunitist or belligerent of the Working configuration?While Coombs and Buchanan were financially pressed in an attempt to organize workers into the JWTU, they call fored assistance from Bustamante, who was a coin lender He became the Unions Treasurer in 1936 He went to Cuba at the age of 21, accordingly moved to sailor a few years subsequent onward moving back to Cuba In 1928 he tried a d wayy business in Jamaica but by 1932 he was in New York craft him self Alejandro Bustamanti In 1934 he finally returned to Jamaica He became a prolific writer of letters to the press and in 1936 was speaking at meetings, thus gaining popularity Bustamante challenged Coombs for the draws of the JWTU but Coombs resigned before it could officially happened Bustamante after facing showdown from Coombs fight downers quitted from the Union April June 1938 ? ? ? ? ? jibe to Bolland first was the riot and pertain at Frome domain in West more than thanland amidst April 29th whitethorn befriend Protest, Strikes and uprising in Kingston mingled with May second May twenty-eighth Mainly Dock workers Many Demonstrations, Riots and axial rotation Strikes passim the Island betwixt May twenty-third June 11th All of which were confronted by the armed forces Bustamante and Grant were charged with Sedition, inciting people to conglomerate unlawfully and refusing to move on when logical to and taken to jail Contd ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? With the immurement of the 2 Manley took a more freehanded role using the ame strategy as Bustamante as a intercessor opposed t o trade union leader A state of come onncy was declared By this time Bustamante was becoming a martyrize and Hart and Buchanan did non want workers to return to work until Bustamante and Grant were released The Dock workers in any case did not want Manleys advice In essence, Manleys role as mediator was accepted by the Government and Employers but was rejected by the Waterfront workers This laid the radix for the Bustamante industrial Trade Union (BITU) jibe to Bolland The Governor appointed a hop on of conciliation In response Manley denote the man of a Labour perpetration which was the foundation of the Labour party in Jamaica (political strategy) Hart and Buchanan cooperated with the committee Contd ? ? ?Manley was instrumental in the release of Bustamante on May 2eighth 1938 who was greeted by a large crowd but he claimed reliance for doing better than Manley in price of negotiating increases on their behalf Because of this impression created by Bustamante he was a ble to make workers to return to work both cousins then worked with the Conciliation Board to make up ones mind other claims before it Rebellions after the liberation of Bustamante ? ? ? ? ? ? On May 30 Mandeville in Manchester was full of demos Roads were blocked and send for wires cut in Santa Cruz and Black River in St Elizabeth Banana workers were on take on in St Mary, St Cathrine and Portland The strike at Prospect Estate in Hanover and Islington on June 2nd and third respectively several(prenominal) people were killed and more injured Both Bustamante and Manley travelled or so the ground trying to get strikers to accept offers made to them as they saw the bigger problem beingness unemployment afterwardsmath ? ? ? ? ? ? ?The state intervened with a land precipitatement scheme, tools, seeds, etc check to the Commissioners report eight people were killed, scores injured both law enforcers and civilians and over tetrad hundred person were convicted and wedded punish ments Rivalry emerged in the midst of the two cousins Manley founded the Peoples National Party (PNP) British Fabian Socialism in phratry 1938 flag-waving(a) An autocratic behavior of leadership was interrupted by Bustamante Bustamante registered his Union on twenty-third January 1939 Bustamante industrial Trade Union (BITU) labouristic The rules constituted him as president for life and gave him power to control its money and to appoint a committee of Management tyrannic style of leadership Disunity ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Within the Trade Union Movement itself there was a contender between Bustamante (President of BITU) and Coombs (President of JWTU) The BITU was growing rapidly and leaders from the JWTU were changing alliances further the JWTU remained popular among the banana and dock workers in St James afterwards a worker who was to a fault a member of the JWTU told Grant (BITU) his union is not wanted there an altercation ensued Bustamante then called an Islandwide st rike Some workers heeded to the call and as a result a estate of speck was issued The strike was a major failure and blow to the TU movement Disunity Contd ? ? ? Bustamante broke the truce and broke absent from the Trade Union Advisory Council tax shelter from state for strike renders disdain the evidence of need for unity the movements remained split Analysis of the Rebellion ? local anestheticity rural interest in land ownership Urban more proletarianised ? ? ? traffic between Capital and Labour Levels of consciousness and com smudge of workers Known contradictions by the state intrusion of the Rebellion in Jamaica ? ? ? ? ? ?It provided an experience in labour political relation that irreversibly changed the colonys political culture It wrung several concessions from the colonial government Bustamante and Manley were promoted to the status of track of the Labour and Nationalist Movement fitting of a board of Conciliation to settle labour dis fructifyes and ma ke recommendations to relieve unemployment this was also an indication of acceptance for negotiation between employees and employers Changes were made in the Jamaicas Constitution in 1944 where the British-style Westminster Model was adopted The consummation of Universal Suffrage in 1944 Jamaica in the forties ? ? ? ? ? Bustamante was arrested from September eighth 1940 to 8th February 1942 Manley and the PNPs remaining stepped in to concern the BITU There was a call from the PNPs left wing for unity between the movements ground on race and flesh consciousness which contributed to the emergence of the anti-colonial and nationalist movement The PNP headed by Manley advocated for thoroughgoing reform by demanding a Bicameral legislature.Manley was also in favour of a Federation After Bustamantes release the coalition was grumous between the BITU and the PNP with the mandate of changing the government but this collaboration was brief and cease in February 1942 Jamaica in the 1940s ? ? ? ? ? ? patronage the truce to keep the peace strikes broke out in St Thomas in 1940 (sugar workers) Leaders started demanding the realityation of the Moyne Commission tarradiddle All strikes failed In 1942 there was an oblige of several restrictions through legislation again Defence Projects and Essential Services (Trade Disputes) vagabond Mid-1942 Jamaica was in serious crisis change magnitude unemployment The Citizens exigency Council (CEC) was formed in May 1942 and include groups such(prenominal) as JTUC, JUWU, UNIA, FCA, Jamaica Union of Teachers as well as the Capitalist Association Jamaica in the 1940s ? ? ? ? ? ?Henry and several other union activists lost their jobs on the railway and as a result they started to organise government workers Richards moved to suffer the unions not recognised as he saw potential danger for the glamour arrangement The Authorized Associations (Government incisions) (Defence) Regulation was passed to make it impossible for non-government employees to lead unions as it veto membership of persons who were not government employees The GREU in particular cabled Citrine to intervene and Manley filed for an injunction against the Governor The 4Hs were detained under the same ordinance but outletual the British government revoked it and restored the rightfield for government employees to select their own officials These efforts even did not equate into similar come as the BITU base Manley / PNP / NWUs trading operations ? ? ? ? Manleys PNP contributed to the constitutional change towards self-determination in 1943 Aimed at uniting all the assortes in Jamaica The PNPs insurance policy was formally collective Manley expelled the 4 Hs in 1952 and formed the National Workers Unions (NWU) which was largely responsible for his victory in the 1955 elections Bustamante / BITU / JLP ? ? ? ? ? ?Bustamante did not really pass for constitutional reform but was underfur himself for the opportunity when it c ame through the formation of the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) Instead the JLP advocated a ballly-minded reformist policy which aimed to narrow the socio-economic geological fault JLP was supported by the old property-owning elite In essence there was the formation of an alliance between the leading labour leader and the leading capitalist The BITU win elections in 1946 and as minister of Communications became a source of special power and as a progressional opportunity The BITU also expanded its power through closed shop agreements and took a law &038 order stance in dealing with IA Violent Clashes Between the BITU/JLP &038 PNP/NWU ? ? On October 20th 1947 at Trench draw up left several BITU/JLP members dead and maimed PNP Supporter J. Nicholas after being jeopardise by the BITU gang shot and killed Clifford Reid Jamaica deduction ? ? The evolution of self-government weakened the world power of organise labour to influence class social structure and class relations go vernmental reforms created competitions within the labour movement at the expense of meaningful social change Trinidad and TobagoAn Overview ? ? ? ? ? ? Slavery had lasted a relatively curtly close of time in T compared to Jamaica and other Islands The Building up of the Mass Movement was much slower because there was no common base upon which that constitution of national consciousness could have been beat Middle class support however, was quicker and forthcoming The earliest and longest dogged organisation of working people in the British Caribbean was the Trinidad Workingmens Association (TWA) 1897 it had two divisions TWA was involved in semipolitical reform than it was in Trade Unionism By WWI there was no organisation devoted to the rank-andfile workers T Pre 1930 ? ? ?The general social system mirror that of the UK In the 1830s in the UK Trade Unions had not been fully established It was only in the latter half of the nineteenth Century that the legislative and insti tutional manikin was attaining that stage of development which would enable a free labour movement to emerge T Pre 1930 Contd ? ? ? ? ? In 1917 workers in anoint and asphalt industries were involved in serious disturbances The strikes had all failed Strikers were arrested and some were given prison sentences The TWA by 1919 became the main execution for collective political and industrial action Although still illegal nonionic Labour was cl ahead of time progressing Three Main Sectors ? ? lolly Cocoa Prices depressed collectible to drop in world prices in early 1920s (2nd Great Depression) mechanisation of the production processes increased unemployment ? crude although substantial dough workers earned little T Post 1930 ? ? ? ?New radical leadership started to develop semipolitically motivated militant groups began to reorganize and organise workers including the unemployed TWA had become less effective and united as an organisation A rival organisation called the Tri nidad and Tobago Trade Union centre was formed and gained popularity in the 1930s T Post 1930 Contd ? ? ? ? ? The Trade Union Ordinance came into being in 1932 It made Trade Unions legal However it did not legalise peaceful picketing and provided immunity for them from legal actions for damages arising out of strike actions In 1934 however, pantryman did not register a Trade Union instead it was a political party named Trinidad Labour Party (TLP) There was increase dissatisfaction within the TWA/TLP over Ciprianis authoritarian leadership T Post 1930 Contd ? ? ?A series of hunger marches and demonstrations were taking place between 1933-1935 Several new organisations were formed and they attacked Ciprianis leadership of the Labour movement, mobilised workers and initiated new, radical labour politics In fact there was a hunger march to the Governor in the Red House in June 1933 T Post 1930 Contd ? ? In 1934 the National Unemployment Movement formed by Elma Francois, Jim Barrette a nd Jim Headley who organised demonstrations that spread like wildfire through the untaught By 1935 the NUM had transformed itself into an organisation with more broadly defined goals but narrower social base, the Negro Welfare Cultural and Social Association (NWCSA) T 1935 feignivities that paved the way for the Labour Riots of 1937 ? ? ? ? ? ? Apex Oilfields went on strike During a hungry march to POS organised bybutler and Rojas they were stopped by police and Cipriani This event marked the start of butlers rise as a labour leader in the crudefields of southern Trinidad connect were also made between butler and NWCSA The Trinidad Citizens League (TCL) founded by Adrian Cola Rienzi who was madden about Indian nationalism and world socialism butler and Rojas were a part of the TCL as well 1936 ? ? ? butler started his party called the British Empire Workers and Citizens Home loom Party (BEWCHRP) He declared himself header Servant He was not a revolutionary but a convention al leader according to Bolland. he had socialist and anti-imperialist ideas like Rienzi and NWCSA who really provided leadership committee and organisation for the emergence of Trade UnionsWhere there Employers disposals all the while? ? Yes T 1937 ? ? ? Poor working conditions fuelled labour riots and strikes from June 1937 Tubal Uriah Butler had become the catalyst that was needed for industrial action in the oil districts Butler and his organisers planned peaceful (sit-down) strikes restricted to the Oil Industry June 1937 ? ? ? The strikes were carded for June 22nd but due to information from the armed forces it was brought forward to June eighteenth It was an island-wide labour Crisis that involved all industries including Tobago a few(prenominal) people died including a police officeholder and several were injured This will take us to Charlie King Junction country Intervention ? ? ? ? ? ? ?The Governor came up with a double policy of conciliation and repression He announc ed that he would seek a settlement which will be clear to employers and employees alike A State of Emergency was declared on June 26th A committee of the Executive Council was appointed to hear the workers grievances and seek reconciliation The Governor proposed new rates (minimum wages) for Government Workers Oil companies hold to raise the minimum wage and neuter working hours A commission of doubt was also launched into the disturbances incarnate Bargaining ? On July 2fifth 1937 a committee of oil workers creationly announce their intention for a union to conduct negotiations via the process of bodied Bargaining The fact that Trinidad had become the British empires largest producer of oil was an important determinant of imperial policy towards the labour disturbances By the end of 1937.. ? sestet Unions had gained official recognition from the colonial government, they were modify Building &038 Wood Workers Trade Union 1st to register Oilfield Workers Trade Union ( OWTU) All Trinidad Sugar Estates and Factory Workers Trade Union Federated Workers Trade Union Seamen &038 Waterfront Workers Trade Union Public working Workers Trade Union The Colonial Government in T ? ? ? ? Governor Fletcher confessedly expressed concern over the highly low wages paid to workers especially in the sugar and oil industries Nankivell, the colonial secretary was even more outspoken, he pointed out that the cost of living was change magnitude and the Governments revenue increased as industries prospered while workers situation had act to get worse They displayed a more humane view of workers than Employers But it was little(a) lived as pressure from the capital class amounted and Fletcher opted to upholds laws at the detriment of Trade UnionsImpact of the Rebellion in T ? ? ? The commission recommended the creation of a labour department the involution of a labour officer to act as mediator and arbitrator between employer and employees The brass of an indus trial coquette An amendment to the workers recompense law to include agricultural labourers On the other hand however laws were passed to strengthen sedition, restrain public meeting and public speakers and they also made illegal for more than ten persons to gather in public These stand for Labour, legislative and political reforms and employee rights such as the right to negotiate and air grievances Impact Contd ? ? ? ? ? Development of an organised advanced labour movement between 1937 and 1939 Universal suffrage Uniting of races to put forward a class struggle Rienzi established the committee of industrial Organisation (CIO) which was a precursor to the TTTUC which formed in 1939 Proliferation of labour rights as human Rights issues But these civil/human rights did not channelize the discrimination of women in Labour According to Bolland ? The salience of race and class, and their relationship to the structure and fluctuating fortunes of the economy, were central to the emer gence of the Labour movement in Trinidad industrial put through at its Best ? ? ? ? ? ?Clement Payne referred to a strike put on by women working in a garb factory who were demanding increased wages and better living conditions when negotiations broke down in 1939 After a week of strike other workers from other factories joined in, in sympathy Conciliation had failed Other Unions assure assistance and supported a ostracise of all the stores displaying the clothing Although the employers tried to break the strike by using strike breakers, it did not work They gained 12% wage increase, an eight hour day, 2 weeks yearbook vacation, protective clothing &038 a system of shop-floor representation Further Organization ? ? ? The OWTU was represented by Rienzi and Mentor at the 2nd Guianese and West Indian Labour multitude in British Guiana The Trinidad and Tobago Trades Union Council was formed in March 1939 and was modelled after the British TUC Scholarships were made available from the British TUC for Trade Unionists to study abroad Moyne Commission (1938 1939) Recommendations ? ? ? ? ? ?The economy of laws to protect trade unions from actions for damages subsequent on strikes legalisation of peaceful picketing coercive registration of Trade Unions and audit of their funds Interim Labour departments /officers to cover the period until Trade Unions can play a decisive role in the regulation of wages and conditions of employment The grant of a Labour Advisor at the accountant of the West Indian Welfare parentage who would maintain close liaison with Labour Officers/Departments The substantiation of a Labour Department in the Colonial Office and the appointment of a Labour advisory Committee whose members are experts in Labour and colonial questions The creation of wages boards as a means of fixing wages favourite(a) t legislation The establishment of an industrial Court for the West Indies Moyne Commission (1938 1939) Recommendations ? ? ? ? ? The esta blishment of unemployment insurance Adequate factory inspection and factory legislation The bridal of a Workmens Compensation Scheme based on Canadian practice In the sugar industry the imposition of well-being levies to finance welfare schemes They also recommended the followers The appointment of women on all Boards and Local authorities which includes government office, judicial office and public office Butler ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Butler was working class and displayed an authoritarian leadership style OnMay 6th 1939 Butler was released from prison house He was incorporated into the OWTU Despite a clear procedure to deal with grievances and lack of the Unions support, Butler urged workers to strike As a result he was expelled from the OWTU in August 1939 Butler act to stir up unrest in the oil belt and was imprisoned until 1945 and continue to lead his BEWCHRP Butler major supporters were in the southern oil belts and they remained faithful to him so much so that the strike cal led by him in December 1946 was successful Butler was the only Labour leader that made a genuine attempt to merge the masses and was unwilling to compromise with employers and colonial administrators Disunities in the 1940s ? Divisions in the economy Imperial Capitalist (sugar and oil industries) Local Capitalist (cocoa, coconut and food order sector) Indian Indentured labours African Trinidadians Middle Class leaders (Rienzi) Working class leaders (Butler) ? Divisions in the working class ? Divisions in the labour Sectoral Divisions that hampered an Unified Political Movement Divisions by Race African descent Indian Chinese European There were further divisions in terms of class, place of residence and religion.Political Activities in the 1940s ? ? ? ? ? Rienzi and the OWTU launched the Socialist Party of T (SPTT) in March 1941 There were some minor constitutional changes where the add together of electives on the legislative council was increased from seven to nine and t he number of electives on the executive council was increased to two Chief officers of the OWTU were also members of the TTTUC and in 1943 they advocated for Rienzis elevation to the EC This caused Gomes, Pitt and Joseph of the San Fernando Borough to turn against him In November of 1943 Rienzis SPTT nominees were defeated in the San Fernando Borough elections Political Activities in the 1940s Contd ? ? ? ? ? ?in short after Pitt and Joseph formed the rival WINP (early 1942) The privilege committee put forward a report but Rienzi had a nonage position which was supported by the Governor In February 1944 Rienzi was offered the position of acting bet on Crown Council in the Colonial Service, a position he accepted and Rojas succeeded him at the OWTU In 1944 the EC increased to four but the Governor still was not obligated to go on the terminate of this council In 1944 there was also the adoption of universal suffrage for all adults over 21 but candidates for election had to be lite rate in English, with an income not less than $960/yr or property cherished at least $5,000. 00 Cipriani died in 1945 Political Activities in the 1940s Contd ? ? ? ? ? ?Elections were held on July 1st 1946 by this time Rienzi also exited the political arena In light of these two major losses to the political world new ambitions blossomed, the WINP although formed in 1942 became more active in 1944 and gained the support of the FWTU. In WINP was later converted into the United Front (UF) Some of the TLP leader left the organization and formed the Progressive democratic Party (PDP) both of which had no success in this election Three lay were won each to the UF and BEWCHRP, the SPTT won two and one to an independent candidate The major leaders failed to secure a win There was no self-government at this time Unrest in 1947-1949 ? ? ? ? ? ?The Public Works Union (PWU) called a strike in Port of Spain on January 8th 1947 App. 1200 of Butlers supporters staged a protest march in through the capital Sugar Workers led by Ranjit Kumar who opposed the Sugar Workers Union went on strike on May 5th 1947 OWTU admitted that the influx of Butlerites strengthened the Union in terms of militancy and size On April 28th 1949 Butler petitioned the Colonial Secretary in the UK and several of his supported protested against the new constitution which allowed for 8 of the 26 put not to be elected On May Day the TTTUC held a demonstration in San Fernando and Butlers Party held one in Port of Spain Elections 1950 and beyond ? ? ? ? ? ?Elections 18th September 1950 Out of the 18 seats oppose Butlers Party BEWCHRP won six seats The Trinidad Labour Party (TLP) and Political Progress Group (PPG) won two each, the Caribbean Socialist Party (CSP) won one and the other seven were won by independents, Gomes was the only other leader to be elected Two of the independents joined with the BEWCHRP and thus formed the largest group in the legislature (8 seats) Butler and his members were bypa ssed for a position of the Executive Council although he deserved it Butler attempted elections again in 1956 but was defeated by Eric Williams and the Peoples National Movement (PNM) Industrial stabilization Act 1965 ? During the early 1960s the industrial relations climate in Trinidad and Tobago was tense. There was an increasing number of strikes and labour disputes which be the economic growth and productivity of the country ? ? As a result the Industrial Stabilisation Act, 1965, was enacted Later repealed and replaced by the Industrial Relations Act , 1972, Chapter 8801 Industrial Relations Act 1972 ? ? An Act to make better provision for the stabilization, improvement and promotion of industrial relations.The IRA provides for the following desolate collective bargaining between employer and workers through their representative associations, The development of a peaceful and expeditious procedure for the settlement of disputes, The establishment of the Industrial Court, The recognition and registration of trade unions, The freedom to be represented by a trade union and the right not to associate, and Industrial action which whitethorn be taken by both employer and employee In Short Trade Union Movement Decolonisation (the establishment of democratic Westminster-style) Independence (the middle classes controlled political parties) regional and International Alliances ? ? ? ?The TTTUC progressed into other alliances such as The Caribbean Labour Congress (CLC) began in 1945 World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) 1st conclave was held in 1945 CODORIT and its parent ORIT who were financially dependent on the AFL External Factors that also affected the Trade Movement Post 1930 ? ? ? ? The second World War (WW2) 1939-1945 The decline of the British Empire The rise of the United Sates of America The Cold War 1947-1991 Globalisation ? Is one of the reasons why a regional body was not formed. Issues of foreign investments, potential for wealth accumula tion which depended largely on competition. Facts of Both Countries Jamaica Trinidad &038 TobagoTripartite Labour Relation &038 Industrial disputes Act 1975 (A1978 &038 1986) Ministry of Labour advise, direction, conciliation, Pay &038 conditions of employment, monitors Tripartite Industrial Stabilization Act 1965 Industrial Relations Act 1972 Ministry of Labour conciliation Trade Union Act 1919 Majority Trade Union representational ballot union Industrial Councils Industrial Disputes Tribunal (decision not final) Trade Union Ordinance 1933 Trade Union Act 1950 Majority Trade Union according to Law No industry wide negotiations Industrial Court Fact of both Countries Contd Jamaica Trinidad &038 Tobago incarnate Agreements not legally binding Collective Agreements legally bindingIndustrial Action permissible only for Industrial Action permissible for interest disputes interest disputes No legal right to strike 20% Union niggardness as at 1988 Legal right to strike 25% Union ta utness as at 1988 Sequence of institutional Building ? ? ? Jamaica the trade union movement provided the base for political party growth (struggles there gave raise to constitutional reform) T similar to that of Jamaica (constitutional changes towards universal suffrage and self government gave rise to political parties) hence literature refers to it as the politics of labour which impacted the culture of politics throughout the Caribbean Conclusion ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Similar conditions exist straightaway Similar conclusions/recommendations in all the inquiries manipulation the Police and the Police involvement in riots Treatment of leaders/organizers according to Elma Francois cited in Bolland In Trinidad when the workers ask for bread they get bullets and jail sentences There were two (2) sectors in upper classes (i) the colonial Power/officials and (ii) the capitalist, where the capitalist was backed by the colonial state Socio-Economic situation remained intact despite consti tutional reform Rulers became authoritarian The weakness of the Labour and Nationalist Movement was the fact individuals wanted to pursue there selfish ambitions Labour colleges were formed in both countries References ? ? ? ? ? ? On the March Labour rebellion in the British Caribbean, 1934-1939 O. Nigel Bolland The Politics of Labour in the British Caribbean The Social Origins of Authoritarianism and democracy in the Labour Movement O. Nigel Bolland attire and Organise The Birth of the Workers and National Movement in Jamaica Richard Hart Report of the West India Commission The Moyne Commission Labour didactics in the British Caribbean ed. Rawle Farley education for Trade Unionist Trade Unionism and Industrial Relations in the Commonwealth Caribbean History, contemporaneous Practice and Prospect Lawrence Nurse