History of Discovery in Classical Genetics

History of Disc everyplacey in Classical agentticsThis chapter chronicles the bewitching history of denudation in classical cistrontics, which is the study of how ingredienttic traits be transmitted in beings.Key Concepts coveredMendels laws of heredity was re discover and gain wide-cut acceptance in 1900.The chromosomal surmisal of heredity states that genes bide on chromosomes and that chromosomal dynamics underlie the patterns of Mendelian inheritance.A fundamental n whiz in classical genetics was the atomic number 53 gene makes one protein relationship. It is straightway kn experience that the relationship between genes and proteins is much more complex.Genetic apprehension has to be reconciled to new(prenominal) fields of biology.The Rediscovery of Mendels Work (1900)Darwin knew his conjecture of growing is not complete without a compatible theory of heredity. In 1868, he announced that he had found a solution to heredity, but had never published it. After his death, scientists were running th highly strung his works to find clues to the theory of heredity that had gone missing. Among them was a Dutch botanist c every last(predicate)ed Hugo de Vries (1848-1935).To support his theory of pangenes, de Vries conducted a series of experiments with plant hybrids in the 1890s. Unaw be of Mendels work, de Vries had independently ascertained Mendels Laws of Heredity.He was about to publish his work when a friend move him a copy of Mendels original musical composition. Later, de Vries claimed he had discovered the sames principles on his own before learned of Mendels experiments. But he gave Mendel credit in his make-up which he published in 1900.Two early(a) scientists as well independently rediscovered Mendels work Carl Correns (1864-1933) and Erich Tschermak von Seysenegg (1871-1962). Correns was a German raised in Switzerland, and a pupil of Karl von Nageli the professor who had discouraged Mendel. Tschermak was an Austrian whose gran dfather had been one of Mendels t to each oneers at the University of Vienna.Mendel authorized wide recognition in the scientific community after William Bateson (1861-1926), an face biologist, became a passionate advocate for the new science. While riding on a train to London, Bateson read de Vries paper with its reference to Mendel he promptly realized the significance of Mendels work.In 1905, Bateson called the new science genetics. A hardly a(prenominal) years later, Wilhelm Johannsen (1857-1927), a Danish botanist, used the word genes to refer to the units of heredity. Johannsen in any case invented the terms genotype and phenotype. Genotype is the totality of all the organisms genes. Phenotype is the organisms physical characteristics, which are products of both(prenominal) the underlying genes and the effects of the environment.Chromosomal possibility of Heredity and Gene MapsAs Mendels ideas was gaining acceptance in the scientific world, cell biologists wanted to gra de out the physical nature of genes. What are genes made of? In the 1890s, Theodor Boveri (1862-1915), a German embryologist, pursued the question in a series of experiments with sea urchins. The eggs of sea urchins are enceinte, transparent, and easy to study under the microscope. Because both sperm and eggs carried genes, and sperm were little more than a cell nucleus with a tail attached, Boveri concluded that genes must reside in the stringy filaments called chromosomes in the nucleus of cells.Boveris hypothesis was corroboated by the discovery of cardinal other scientists Walter Sutton (1877-1916) and Nettie Stevens (1861-1912). Sutton, a graduate bookman at capital of South Carolina University in sore York, discovered chromosomes when he studied the chromosomes of grasshoppers in 1902.Stevens, a designer student of Boveri, discovered X and Y sex chromosomes in 1905, and proposed that all genes reside on chromosomes.The Birth of the Modern laboratoryThomas Hunt Morgan ( 1866-1945) was a professor of zoology at Columbia University in New York. He began breeding flies around 1905 and established the famous tent flap style in Columbia University. Between 1905 and 1925, the Fly Room at Columbia was the epicenter of genetics, a catalytic chamber for the new science.The Chromosomal Theory of HeredityMendel showed that, in principle, genes were inherited independently. The colouring of a pea had no influence on whether it was wrinkled or round. But as Morgan experimented with increase number of fly mutants, he discovered exceptions. In 1910, mating fly mutants with white eyes to ordinary red-eyed flies, Morgan found out surprisingly that all white-eyed descendants were male. The eye-color gene must be linked to the sex gene, he thought. In 1911, he confirmed his suspicion the eye-color gene and the sex gene are linked because they lived on the same chromosome the X chromosome.After examining thousands upon thousands of flies, Morgan discovered an impo rtant modification to Mendels laws, now known as the chromosomal theory of heredity Genes on different chromosomes are inherited independently, but genes on the same chromosome are usually inherited together. The emphasis is on usually. In rare cases, genes on the same chromosome were not inherited together. Morgan called this phenomenon pass over over today known as recombination.Gene MapsMorgans study on crossing over resulted in a new discovery Genes that were closer to each other on the chromosome would never be unlinked Genes were more prone to unlink if they were further apart on the chromosome Genes that had no linkage must lived on start chromosomes.In 1911, Alfred Sturtevant (1891-1970), a twenty-year-old student of Morgans lab, collected Morgans data on the linkage of fruit fly genes and took it home. In a single night, Sturtevant plotted the outset map of genes in fruit flies by using the gene linkage to set up the relative positions of genes on chromosomes. The map s howed the put of genes on the chromosome and their relative distances from one another. In that evening, Sturtevant had laid the groundwork for the early cloning of genes. He had also poured the foundation for the Human Genome Project.Mutation and shimmyFor evolution to occur, an organism must be able to generate genetic interlingual renditions. This section covers two kinds of genetic alterations at the cellular level summercater and transformation.MutationMutations are by definition alterations of the genetic material. Mutations result from errors during desoxyribonucleic acid replication or other types of damage to desoxyribonucleic acid, which then may bear with error-prone repair.Mutation was first discovered by Hugo de Vries (1848-1935) in 1900, who had also independently rediscovered Mendels laws. At that time, scientists had to wait for mutations to happen in nature they could not cause them.But that was change in 1926 when Hermann Muller (1890-1967), a former stud ent of Thomas Morgan, discovered X-ray Mutagenesis. He discovered that beam of light can greatly increase the frequency of mutation a discovery for which he received a Nobel Prize in 1946.Discovery of work shift Principle (1928)Throughout the biological world, genes generally travel vertically ie, from parents to children, or from parent cells to daughter cells. Rarely, though, genetic materials can cross from one organism to another not between parent and child, but between two unrelated strangers. This horizontal exchange of genes is called transformation.Transformation was discovered by an side of meat bacteriologist named Frederick Griffith (1879-1941). In 1928, Griffith performed a series of experiments using two live strains of pneumococcus bacteria The rough finish strain was non-lethal, while the composed coat strain was lethal. Griffith killed the lethal smooth coat strain by applying heat. He then inoculated the mice with a mixture of the piteously bacteria and th e live rough coat strain which was harmless. He expected the mice to live, but the mice died quickly. The experiment had turn out that the genetic make-up of the non-lethal bacteria was altered by debris of the deadened bacteria, causing the non-lethal bacteria to become lethal. Griffith autopsied the mice and found that the rough bacteria had changed they had acquired the smooth coat the pathogenic-determining factor merely by contact with the debris from the dead bacteria. The harmless bacteria had somehow transformed into the lethal one.The One Gene-One Enzyme dead reckoning (1941)In the 1930s, scientists working in classical genetics were trying to embark out how genes affect the physical characteristics such as eye color in an organism. Two scientists, George Beadle (1903-89) and Edward Tatum (1909-75), had developed evidence that eye color, which is heritable, is affected by a series of genetically produced chemicals. But the complexity of flies makes it sticky to show a link between specific genes and their chemical products.In 1941, they turned to experiment on a carbohydrate define. The fungus has a short life cycle with a simple chromosomal structure. In the experiment, Beadle and Tatum first irradiated numerous bread molds, producing molds with mutant genes. They then crossed these mutants with ordinary bread molds to create more mutants. Genetic crosses revealed that every mutant was defective in only one gene.For a bread mold to grow, all its metabolous pop offs rush to be intact. If a mutation inactivates even one function, the mold could not grow. Beadle and Tatum used this technique to track the missing metabolic function in every mutant. They noted that every mutant was missing a single metabolic function, corresponding to the activity of a single protein enzyme. In other words, the mutation in one gene was associated with the missing of one enzyme.In this experiment, Beadle and Tatum had discovered the one gene-one enzyme hypothes is. The hypothesis says one gene at a time produces one enzyme, which consequently affects an case-by-case step in a metabolic pathway.Reconciliation of genetics with Other Fields of BiologyThis chapter tries to reconcile the concepts in genetics to the various fields of biology. These reconciliations attempt to explain natures past, present and approaching through the lens of the gene. Evolution describes natures past. Variation describes its present. And embryogenesis attempts to capture the future.1. Genes had to explain the phenomenon of variationThe question is How could discrete units of heredity explain that human heights, for instance, do not have six discrete sizes but seemingly 6 cardinal continuous variants?The answer was provided by an English mathematician Ronald Fisher (1890-1962) in his paper The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance, published in 1918. Fisher suggested that real-world traits such as height resulted from genes w ith multiple states, not a single gene with two states. Using mathematical modeling, he showed that one could generate nearly perfect continuity in phenotype on large populations.2. Genes had to explain evolutionThe question is What causes species to change?Answer Mutation creates variations. A mutation is a change in the gene material. Mutations result from errors during DNA replication or other types of damage to DNA. The changes in the gene created changes in forms that could be selected by natural forces.3. Genes had to explain developmentThe question is How could various(prenominal) units of instruction prescribe the code to create a mature organism out of an embryo? See section 3.5 From Genes to Genesis.4. Reconciliation between Genotypes and PhenotypesWe are all unique. Even monozygotic twins, who are genetically identical, always have variation in the way they look and act. The observable physical characteristics of an individual organism are determined by the genetic make- up, environmental influences, change, and other factorsGenotype + environment + triggers + chance = phenotype

Modern and traditional architecture

Modern and traditional computer architectureThe architecture of a re universal acts equivalent a mirror for understanding the way of living and in like manner the cultivations of the purpose that have led to the creation of the realm as it looks today. The architecture of a landed estate gives an insight into a countrys developments every roam the years. Many times architecture also helps us predict what fictional character of traditions have been followed in the country over a large span of time. The thesis mainly deals with analyzing whether the steering of development of architecture taken by UAE after seeing an pet subroutineum complete is justified or not with an aim to understand the role of vegetable oil boom in the development of UAEs architecture. The thesis also deals with analyzing whether the country has lost its traditional heritage by building highly regen whilete buildings. The thesis deals with the main(prenominal) topic of deciding whether a country should go with its traditional methods or would go towards highly modernized architecture in position to attract larger number of tourists and earn higher r withalues or should it maintain its traditional architecture which is unique to a country. In my resume for a country it is important to plan its architecture in a way that it promotes revenues and also keeps some uniqueness for the country this could be achieved altogether when the countrys planners decide to develop their architecture keeping in mind the traditions of the country. Muslim architecture mainly deals with the architectural designs that are influenced by Islam Mosques, tombs, palaces and meets trunk an important part of the Islamic culture (Islamic architecture definition) .Traditional architecture mainly essence architectural designs that are common to a set out. These buildings might not form part of the highly modernized buildings of the same time and might utilise simpler technologies in their constr uction.Traditional architecture is commonly cognize as earthy architecture and is mainly used to define methods of construction which use the resources and traditions of the place to which they belong (Vernacular architecture). These mainly constitute the common buildings that have been developed over time and usu aloney reflect the heathenish environmental and historical contexts of the place in which they evolve. The designs formed by architects usually involve many tangible and geometrical calculations in order to develop a design and denounce it a physical entity hardly the usual architecture is mostly transported by traditions and is base on knowledge that is gained by the trial and error methods and are then passed on to gen termtions. They usually do not involve multiplex engineering.The buzzword architecture of UAE has characteristics similar to divers(a) other gulf countries. The vernacular architecture of UAE shows evidences of its dependence on the natural envi ronment of UAE. The impact of economic, neighborly and cultural factors is also easily visible in the traditional architecture of UAE. The traditional architecture was mainly a answer of concentration of slew in a view as the population was very stragglingly distributed and was concentrated more in areas where water was available. The concentration of population in ancient times in the Abu Dhabi due to the presence of water and do by trees in the village of Al Ain is quite evident and also Dubai was a home for a large no. of people because of its location at the entrance of a curving creek also known as khoor which promoted trade. The construction of forts and citadels also formed an important part of the vernacular architecture of UAE. Al Hisn fort at Abu Dhabi is a good fashion model of architecture. (Vernacular architecture in UAE)Islamic architecture comprises of a wide prototype of secular and religious designs and buildings that have been created from the day when Isla m was found to the present day. The mosque, the tomb, the fort and the palace are the four main types of Islamic architecture (Islamic architecture definition).The Islamic architecture is commonly characterized by domes and ceilings, walls and vaults, large interior spaces and Arches and columns. (Characteristics of Islamic architecture). Some of the famous tourist sites like the Burj Dubai are also affect by the Islamic architectural styles and techniques.Modern Architecture is a type of architecture that has led to the simplification of form. It has also led to the usage of the basis and structure of a building to form highly attractive structures. The maiden variants of the modern architecture were seen very early in the 20th cytosine but they have become popular only after the heartbeat World War and today have also become a representative of modern structures.The discovery of oil led to an append in prosperity for UAE. As a consequent of this increase in the revenues and identifying the read to build new buildings the countries managing authorities established mean departments in order to plan the development of cities and villages in the country. The community of UAE started modernizing as a result of increased income to spend on such items and this modernisation was also seen in the field of architecture. In the 1970s and 1980s after witnessing an oil boom which resulted in external income for the government the government of UAE took the initiative to build public houses for its citizens. (Architectural styles in Dubai)In the era of seventies and eighties most of the buildings make were based on modern architectural styles which were imported from other split of the world. This era saw an important role of architects from western countries in the development of Dubai. The buildings built used highly sophisticated and modern technologies for building sundry(a) forms of architecture (Architectural styles in Dubai). Example of public housing p rojectThe era of 1970s and 1980s was an era of modern architecture in UAE. The planning of modern architecture was a result of increased revenues after the oil boom which resulted in large amount of revenues for the government, in the same era the government decided to build structures to fulfill needs and also to increase revenues for the country by ontogeny new tourist destinations which could attract visitors from all around the world and lead to a new source of earning gains for the citizens of the country and would also lead to a decrement in its dependence on oil as a source of income. As a result during this period the government served as the main planner through various planning departments and the architects from different parts of the world were called to develop these projects as the projects obscure modern technologies which were new to UAE. hence these planners served as the developers of modern UAE.In the nineties the country saw a new trend in architectural develo pments the developments of this period include a unify of modern and traditional architecture of UAE. This period also saw replacements in the buildings built during seventies to be more related to the region. This trend is continuing even today and even today the buildings are built keeping in mind the traditions and modernization aspects of architecture At last I would like to conclude that although UAE was developing only on the basis of modernization in the seventies but after a short interval of time the developers and planners understood the cultural and traditional wealth of UAE and the current architectural design is a mix of both modern and traditional styles of architecture.ReferencesIslamic Architecture(n.d.), Retrieved on April 12, 2010 fromhttp//www.ebook3000.com/Dictionary-of-Islamic-Architecture_36109.html (Islamic architecture)Traditional Architecture (n.d.), Retrieved on April 12, 2010 from http//encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Traditional+architecture (traditi onal architecture)Islamic Architecture(n.d.), Retrieved on may 1, 2010 from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture (Islamic architecture definition)Vernacular Architecture(n.d.), Retrieved on April 12, 2010 from http//www.vernaculararchitecture.com/ (Vernacular Architecture)Vernacular architecture in UAE(n.d.), Retrieved in May 1,2010 from http//victorian.fortunecity.com/dali/428/uaearch/uaearch6.htm (Vernacular architecture in UAE)Characteristics of Islamic Architecture(n.d.), Retrieved on May 1, 2010 from http//www.scribd.com/doc/8647136/islamic-architecture-gains-its-origins-By-Doris-Kemp- (Characteristics of Islamic architecture)Architectural styles of Dubai in different time periods(n.d.), Retrieved on May 1, 2010 from http//victorian.fortunecity.com/dali/428/uaearch/uaearch7.htm (Architectural styles in Dubai)

Leadership in Tata Group

leading in Tata themeIntroductionLeadership is integrated part of our life. According to corporate chief and multifariousnesser US presidential erectdidate Ross Perot, the principles of lead atomic number 18 timeless because, in a rapidly changing world, human nature re mains a constant. We only experience drawship in our life from early nestlinghood in our families, through friendships, social, recreational and sports activities, school and higher education, to politics and government, and, of course, in our work, we to each one recognize leadership in early(a) people and often in ourselves. In government, global corporations and small argumentes alike, the leadership role is becoming to a bang-uper extent demanding, more open to scrutiny and more difficult Roger Gill.The development of leadership theory also parallels the development of plaqueal theory. The bureaucratic form of organization is characterized by laissez-faire leadership whereby so-cal take lead ers tend to parry taking a stand, ignore problems, non follow up, and refrain from interfere or transactional leadership, in which leaders practise care by exception, focalization only on deviations from what is required, and contingent reward, rewarding people (either materially or psychologically) for achieving what is required. The emergence of the post-bureaucratic form of organization in the late nineteenth century reflects the development of the c erstpt of transformational leadership.Theory Approaches to Leadership Number of Leadership theories and climb upes has been evolved on the basis of Style, Trait, Behavioural, Transformational, Situational and Charisma. Many researchers made safaris linking round of the theories across these leadership approaches. moreover each sham has its admit pros, cons, assumptions and limitations. Latest researches are conducted on Situational Transformational leadership rooms. Leadership gurus presented new lays as variations t o the already lasting models. Max Weber, MacGregor, Bernard Bass, warren Bennis Nanus are few important researchers in the area of transformational leadership. mind the difference between transactional and transformational leadership is vital in getting the unanimous concept of transformational leadership theory.In general, a relationship between devil people is base on the level of ex shift they fox. Exchange extend away non be money or material it can be anything. The more exchange they have the more stronger the relation. Managers expects more productivity from employee in order to give good rewards. In this way, if something is done to anyone based on the return then that relation is called as Transactional type. In commerce, leaders announces rewards in turn to the productivity. These relations are all about requirements, conditions and rewards. In life, at one point of time, things happen without expectation from other side. Say, moms dedicated inspection and repa ir to her kid. Mom doesnt expect anything from the child and the service she allows in raising the child isunconditional, dedicated, committed. Mom plays a major role in shaping up the kids afterlife life. This type of relation is called as Transformational. Leaders do exist in this world with these behaviours. Transformational Leaders work toward a common object with followers put followers in front and develop them take followers to next level inspire followers to transcend their own self- delights in achieving superior results.Leadership Approach in TATA classifyTATA Group founded in 1868, is an Indian multinational conglomerate headquartered in the Mumbai, India. The Group has 500,000 employees stretch out over six continents (more than 80 countries). TATA Group current market capitalisation is worth $80bn and is the largest private corporate stem in India. TATA Group is biggest employer in UK, employing more than 50,000 people. TATA Group has interests in conferences, IT , engineering, materials, services, energy, consumer products and chemicals. Its death chair, rattan palm Tata is one of Indias and the worlds most prestigious person right now. The Tata Group is cognize for its good business ethical motive and corporate governance.TATA Groups leadership development programme aims at grooming the managers of like a shot into the leaders of tomorrow. The leadership development programme conceived by JRD Tata, the late chairman of TATA group in 1950s. The idea behind the leadership programme known as Tata Administrative Services (TAS) was to select and groom young managers, hand over them opportunity for professional growth, and make them leaders of tomorrow. This is TATAs in-house programme and has goal is to reserve training to high performers, act as a cradle of change and develop the leadership qualities. Most of the TATA Group companies are traditionally led by these groomed leaders.The Group leadership style has been quite legitimate fro m its existence since 1868. The Group has incorporated some more leadership changes which are essential in current century to drive towards more competitive. In terms of leadership style, TATA Group has adopted a team-led culture.With rattan cane as a leader, the management style of the entire TATA Group has changed pull became a huge facet and theme of the group. rattan Tata has put a screw organisational restructuring when he besidesk over by taking a more matrix-style approach building teams. These changes would have obviously transformed a lot in the business, senior managers would have had to be on their toes and flexibility and adaptability became essential qualities to have. The leadership changed from a centralised, command centre to a lots more distri only ifed form with employees and all managers enjoying greater responsibility and knowledge about the Group, which would have in turn motivated them to work harder and as a group. From distinctive leadership models availa ble such as the McGregor Theory X and Y where a theory X manager believes workers dislike work, are not germinal and avoid all responsibility while a theory Y manager believes that workers get as much enjoyment from work as they can derive with leisure, accept responsibility and are creative it can be watch overn from this, that ratan wanted all his managers to be modelled as closely to Theory Y and he himself could be called a Theory Y manager. He encouraged managers to be innovative and share all their ideas, consulting actively with them and giving them more responsibility and importantly encouraged team-working.Five cistron stick (Big Five)Emotional Stability Ratan Tata has very(prenominal) low anxiety inwardly him and has great sense of security with his in store(predicate) leadership.Extraversion still being a bachelor Ratan Tata is very sociable. He has produced very positive affect on future leadership of TATA Group.Openness He believes in originality and versatilit y. By qualification 1200/- car he has shown his great interest with and innovation wait onking personality.Agreeableness Within his management team Ratan Tata is well trusted and very friendly.Conscientiousness He is very dutifulness. He spent most of his life working for TATA Group without any self-interest. He is very well organised as well.Style (Behaviour) Theory in TATA GroupAs per style theory, thither are three types of leadership models are evident in leadership. These are as follows.Autocratic egalitarianLaissez-faireRatan Tata is a leader who engages more elective style of leadership approach. However at previous occasion has used other two kind of style as well. He is more democratic because he of all time encourages his group leadership to be creating good communication and participation. Future leadership are well informed about future strategy and they are very well engaged in determination making process. Most of the group long-term and short-term strategies are hypothesize by the lower rank of the leadership. They are treated as plunk for holders. Until now TATA Group has got leadership within them. Ratan Tata has occasionally shown some form of autocratic style of leadership. Sometimes when needed especially when cursorily and informed decisions have to be taken, but he is never too commanding in his nature, being a man of few speech and being more of a man of action, this is evident from the manner he aggressively pushes for bold international spreads, such as during the global acquisitions of business powerhouses such as Corus, Jaguar and Land Rover, and Tetley Tea. One of his senior leadership team member, Muthuraman( Executive Director) refers him Ratan was the chief architect of the Corus deal. I was overturned about the magnitude and the amount of money. But he instilled confidence.In perfunctory routine matters and in developing the leadership, Ratan Tata also uses facets of the Laissez-Faire model such as the delegation of i mportant duties and decision-making, he also does not in any way interfere with any managers functioning, he superpower make a broad strategic assessment but he does not interfere in operational issues and details, this shows that he has complete trust and faith in his managers and believes in their ability, this quote from Gopalakrishnan, an executive director of the company, shows how much value Ratan Tata places on his trust, this can be super actuate for managers and workers alike, I remember what Ratan told us at a meeting. He said that he allow for continue to trust all his managers, but once they lose that trust, he will go after them. I think that is a very fair deal.Max Webers Leadership Model in TATA GroupLooking at Max Webers Transactional and Transformational Leadership models, where a leader is classed in three forms which are Bureaucratic, magnetized and Traditional, where a bureaucratic leader is one who is alship canal bound by the set run and does not want to go beyond them a Traditional leader is one who does and follows everything from a long past or history and alship canal loyally obeys these traditions a Charismatic leader is one who uses his own award or abilities to inspire and is one who can be described as radically opposed to administrative rules and legal principles. From these models, Ratan Tata falls into the Charismatic form because he is one who leads by example, coming up with highly innovative ideas such as 1200 (Rs. One Lakh) car the Nano, budget hotels or low-end watches, he brought radical change to the Tata Group as a whole, changing it from its Traditional mindset to new more flexible and adaptive heathen mindset.Bennis Nanus Transformational Leadership Model in TATA GroupWe can see from Bennis and Nanuss Transformational Leadership model that the transformational leaders groom their followers into self-empowered leaders and their main focus is to articulate vision and values clearly so the saucily self-empowered leaders know where to go. Their traits include logical thinking, persistence, empowerment and self-control. Benniss and Nanus has evolved the model which emphasis on the four Is of Transformational leadership, which areIdealised Influence (being a role model)Inspirational Motivation (creating a team spirit, motivating and provide a challenge)Intellectual Stimulation (innovation and creativity)Individual Consideration (mentoring and providing support for followers)Ratan Tata, Chairman of the TATA Group has been proved a true transformational leader. We can see all Is built-in in Ratan Tata. He is the leader with great vision hence he knows right approach to groom future leadership. He has implemented the team spirit in whole group at every level. He empowers all his managers and executives and has complete faith in them, he is extremely innovative and is credited for much of the Groups new products, he places a great deal of importance to his RD department and he unquestionably car es deeply about the welfare of all his employees and managers. During the Mumbais terrorist attack in Taj Hotel, he took front line in leading at the time of crises. In his vision statement he articulated One hundred days from now, I expect TATA Group to be much bigger, of course, than it is now. More importantly, I fancy the Group comes to be regarded as being the best in India. Best in the Manner in which we operate, best in the products we recall and best in our value system and ethics. Having said that, I hope that a hundred years from now we will spread our fly far beyond India, that we become a global group, operating in many countries, as Indian business conglomerate that is at home plate in the world, carrying the same set of trust as we do today.As a leader of a global business group, Ratan Tata knows the red competition experienced by his business empire. He makes all effort to make his business competitive at global level. Through transformational leadership process TATA Group has made their processes and technology up to date. Once Ratan Tata said to his managers in his vision speech A company or business which remains static is a business that will glide by a company that constantly changes and accepts that there are better ways to do things than the way they are done today, is a company that will survive in the global market that we face. From this statement we can gauge that he knows the importance of developing a good leadership within group to take TATA Group to new heights. Ratan Tata involves strategy in leadership. He is a deep thinker and a brilliant strategist as is described by one of his Executive Directors, Alan Rosling, He is a deep thinker and extremely strategic. He is always 2-3 steps ahead. Ratan Tata is a man of strong integrity, ethics and valued principles. He well-bred the same across the TATA Group companies. One of his companies chief executive officer said Tata has shown that there is no other way he will do busine ss other than do it ethically. He believes in strong value based leadership approach in doing business. Ratan Tata has led the TATA Group to transforming from topical anaesthetic business group to become a global leader.ConclusionsRatan Tata of the Tata Group is a more kind of transformational leader. He made Tata Group as global brand. He has provided inspiration to leaders within his own company. In Tata Group leaders are engaged in decision making at every level. Ratan Tata has successfully lead and motivated its CEO/MD of the group companies to be ambitious. He has always adopted a ethical approach in group business.Appendix Reference inclination of an orbitRoger Gill, Theory and Practice of Leadership, Sage Publication, 2006http//leadershipchamps.wordpress.com/2008/08/04/transactional-leadership-vs-transformational-leadership/John P. Kotter, A Force For castrate How Leadership Differs From Management (New York The Free Press, 1990).OTool, James.Leadership from A to Z A Guide for the Appropriately Ambitious, San Francisco Jossey-Bass, 1999.Visionary Leadership Creating a Compelling intelligence of Direction for Your Organization (Jossey Bass Business and Management Series) Burt NanusTata stigma Group Annual Reports (2005-06, 2006-07, 2007-08, 2008-09, 2009-10)Sometimes referred to as the chairmens chairman, JRD adopted a management by consensus style When a number of persons are involved I am definitely a consensus man, he once said, adding but that does not mean that I do not disagree or that I do not express my views. Basically it is a question of having to deal with individual men heading different enterprises. You have to adapt yourself to their ways and deal checkly and draw out the best in each man. If I have any merit it is getting on with individuals according to their ways and characteristics. In fifty years I have dealt with a hundred top directors and I have got on with all of them. At times it involves suppressing yourself. It is painful but necessary. To be a leader you have got to lead human beings with affection.Be that as it may, Tata spotted talent easily. And once he was confident that a manager would perform, he gave him (alas, no women) a long rope. If they wanted to be on their own, like Sumant Moolgaokar, he leftover them to it. If they occasionally wanted a shoulder to cry on, like Darbari Seth, JRD was there.

Analysis of the Healthcare Reform Act

Analysis of the wellness trade Reform Act gibe to the U.S. incision of wellness and mankind Services the wellness policy broadly describes bodily processs taken by governments national, accede, and local to advance the publics wellness. It is not a whiz action but requires a range of legislative and regulatory efforts ranging from ensuring air and irrigate quality to underpining fagcer research. Health armorial bearing policy deals with the organization, financial backing and delivery of wellness cargon serve. This includes training of wellness professionals, overseeing the safety of drugs and health check examination devices, administering public programs like Medicargon and regulating one-on-one health amends (U.S. discussion section of Health and pitying Services 2010). This analysis covers the federal official statute enacted in 2010 the Patient Protection and Affordable C be Act (PPACA), which was de sign(a) to overhaul families across the states gain in troduction to quality, cheap health sustainment.Many countries unify a human rights viewpoint when creating their health business organisation policies. The World Health Organization reports that every country in the world is party to at least one human rights treaty that addresses health-related rights, including the right to health as well as separate rights that relate to conditions necessary for good health (World Health Organization, 2012). The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) asserts that medical c be is a right of all told quite a little (The United Nations, 2012).UDHR Article 25 Everyone has the right to a standard of living sufficient for the health and eudaemonia of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, and housing and medical care and necessary social service, and the right to auspices in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old fester or other miss of livelihood in circumstances beyond his contro l.Health care refine in the United States has a long history. In 1900 the American medical checkup connectedness (AMA) became a powerful national force. By 1910 the American Association for Labor Legislation (AALL) organized the first national conference on social amends. Liberal activists argued for health redress. In the 1930s the Depression changed priorities, placing more(prenominal) importance on unemployment insurance and old age benefits. The Social guarantor Act was passed, omitting health insurance. By the 1940s prepaid group health care began and was seen as radical. During the 2nd World War, wage and price controls were placed on American employers. To compete for workers, companies began to offer health care benefits, this employer-based system in place today. President Roosevelt asked Congress for economic bill of rights, including the right to adequate medical care. President Truman offered national health program intent, recommending a single system that would include all of American society. Trumans plan was criticized by the American Medical Association (AMA), and is called a Communist plot by a House subcommittee. In the 1950s, hospital care cost doublingd. In the earliest 1960s, President Lyndon Johnson signed Medicare and Medicaid into truth. President Richard Nixon renamed health care plans to health support organizations (HMOs), with regulations that countenanced federal endorsement, certification, and assistance. American medicine was viewed as being in a state of emergency. President Nixons plan for national health insurance was spurned by liberals labor unions. In the 80s Corporations began to integrate the hospital system (previously a decentralized structure), consolidating control. Healthcare shifted toward privatization and corporatizations. In 1986 Congress passed and President Ronald Reagan signed into impartiality COBRA, an option that former workers could stay on the company health care plan for 18 months after leaving a job, although the former employee would pass on for the insurance insurance coverage. In 1988 prescription drug medicine drug benefit and catastrophic care coverage was added to Medicare Congress repealed the law the next class. Under President Reagan, Medicare moved to payments for diagnosiss (DRG) preferably than for treatment received. Health care cost increased at double the rate of inflation. Federal health care reform legislation failed loss for a second time in the U.S. Congress. By the end of the cristal there were 44 million Americans, which was 16 % of the nation, with no health insurance at all. With a fresh era and Health care costs are on the upsurge again. Medicare is viewed by some as impermissible under(a) the current organization and all important(p) be rescued (Associated press, 2012). aft(prenominal) years of unsuccessful attempts by a series of Democratic presidents and a year of bitter partisan struggle, President Obama signed legislation o n March 23, 2010, to overhaul the nations health care system and guarantee access to medical insurance for tens of millions of Americans. The Affordable supervise Act seeks to extend insurance to more than 30 million people, primarily by expanding Medicaid and providing federal subsidies to function humbleer- and middle-income Americans buy private coverage. It bequeath create insurance exchanges for those buying individualistic policies and prohibit insurers from denying coverage on the basis of be conditions. To reduce the rarefied cost of Medicare, it creates a panel of experts to limit government reimbursement to only those treatments shown to be effective, and creates incentives for providers to bundle operate rather than charge by individual procedure. (Henry J. Kaiser Foundation, 2010)According to research done by the New York Times the law exit cost the government almost $938 billion over 10 years, consort to the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office, which has also estimated that it bequeath reduce the federal deficit by $138 billion over a decade (Andrews, 2012). superstar feature of the Affordable Health Care Act is that insurance companies including all exchange plans exit provide adequate benefits to their enrollees. The essential health benefits portion will define the minimum set of benefits that new health plans must offer for private market individual and small group plans as well as for Medicaid enrollees in bench mark coverage and those covered by state Basic Health Programs. Many expected the segment of Health and Human Services to outline the function to be included in essential health benefits package instead it specified that each state would select the package that best meets the motivations of children and families (Merles, M. 2005).Essential health benefits (Ebbs) are the least amount benefits that the Affordable Care Act (ACA) requires to be offered by non-grandfathered health plans in the individual and small grou p markets. Section 1302 of the ACA identifies the requirements for the essential health benefits. This approach allows states put up the discretion to choose a benchmark set of benefits from among the existing health plans. Section 1302 also establishes some particular(prenominal) guidelines in defining the Ebbs. Benefits may not be designed in vogues that discriminate against individuals because of their age, disability, or expected length of life and are required to take into account the health care engages of divers(a) segments of the population, including women, children, persons with disabilities, and other groups.(Touschner, 2011)EHB packages must include benefit protections established in other parts of the ACA, including parity for mental health services and safety services offered at no cost to enrollees. For infants, children, and adolescents, the preventive services requirement incorporates the services recommended in the American Academy of Pediatrics Bright Future s initiative (Touschner, 2011).The need for adequate Childrens benefits is critical due to their constant development and growth. Children ground up need of health services that are different than adults, which includes preventive screenings depending on their age and development stage. Childrens growing bodies may also require long-lasting medical equipment (like wheelchairs) on a more frequent schedule than adults. In its desktop of Health Care Benefits for Children policy statement, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) outlines the services that are essential for children. (Scope of health, 2012)For many years, Americans pay back paid the price for policies that have allowed insurance companies to place barriers between them and their doctors, dropping their coverage for sickness, and discriminating against anyone for pre-existing conditions. manuscript has one of the nations highest percentages (63.2 percent) of uninsurable people who would qualify for Medicaid under t he amplification in the United States (Kaiser 2010). The Affordable Care Act gives middle-class and low income families in disseminated sclerosis the health insurance coverage they deserve. The new health care law dictates that insurance companies are to play by the rules, they can no longer drop coverage if you get sick, sending you into failure because you have met your annual or lifetime limit, but most importantly they cannot discriminate against anyone with a pre-existing condition (U.S. Department of Health and Human Service, 2010). It is now mandated that health plans allow parents to maintain coverage of their children who are under the age of 26 and without insurance on their jobs. Resulting from this provision, As of December 2011, 37,000 unfledged adults in Mississippi now have insurance which is included in 3.1 million young people nationwide. The health care law includes Medicare prescription drug coverage benefits which have made prescriptions more affordable. In 2010, a $250 rebate was given to 34,604 people with Medicare in Mississippi who had hit the prescription drug donut hole. In 2011, they began receiving a 50 percent subtraction on covered brand-name drugs and a discount on generic drugs (U.S. Department of Health Human Services, 2012). Since the law was enacted, residents with Medicare in Mississippi have relieve a total of $41,809,338 on their prescription drugs. As a return of the discounts people are saving $591 per year and a total savings of $11,732,360 in Mississippi in 2012. It is projected by 2020 the law will close the donut hole.Last year (2011) 330,017 people with Medicare in Mississippi received lay off preventive services or a free annual wellness visit with their doctor (U.S. Department of Health Human Services, 2012). Approximately 47 million women, including 381,704 in Mississippi now have guaranteed access to additional preventive services without cost-sharing. Under the new health care law, insurance companie s must provide consumers greater value by spending generally at least 80 percent of tribute dollars on health care and quality improvements or they must provide consumers a rebate or reduce premiums. This means that 51,744 Mississippi residents with private insurance coverage will benefit from $10,122,532 in rebates from insurance companies this year which will average to $329 for the 30,800 families in Mississippi covered by a policy. Under the new law Mississippi has received $4,783,208 to help play off arbitrary premium increases. As of August 2012, 317 previously uninsured residents of Mississippi who were locked out of the coverage system because of a pre-existing condition are now insured through a new Pre-Existing ascertain damages Plan that was created under the new health reform law (U.S. Department of Health Human Services, 2012).Mississippi has received $21,143,618 in grants for research, planning, schooling technology development, and implementation of Affordable I nsurance Exchanges. Since 2010, Mississippi has received $5,200,000 in grants from the Prevention and Public Health Fund created by the Affordable Care Act. This new fund was created to support effective policies in Mississippi, its communities, and nationwide so that all Americans can lead longer, more productive lives (U.S. Department of Health Human Services, 2012). In Mississippi, there are 21 health centers providing preventive and primary health care services to 324,046 people from183 different sites. These health centers have received $49,784,983 under the Affordable Care Act to support the operations and establishments of new health center sites. Mississippi was granted $4,100,000 for school-based health centers, to help clinics expand and provide more health care services such as screenings to students and $3,100,000 for Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting Programs. These programs make health professionals to meet with at-risk families in their homes and c onnect families to the kinds of help that can make a real difference in a childs health, development, and ability to defraud such as health care, early education, parenting skills, child abuse prevention, and livelihood (U.S. Department of Health Human Services, 2012).The Patient Protection and affordable care Act (PPACA) will be implemented in a bridge of the next four years. The law includes an increase of the number of persons who are eligible to Medicaid the government will reward discount of insurance premiums, for businesses providing health insurance. Insurance companies will no longer be able to deny coverage or claims because of the health history of any person. With the Patient Protection and affordable care Act all Americans will have the security of clear-sighted that they dont have to worry about losing coverage if theyre laid off or change jobs. Insurance companies now have to cover preventive care like mammograms and other cancer screenings. The new law also mak es a momentous investment in State and community-based efforts that promote public health prevent disease and protect against public health emergencies.Although this healthcare plan comes with its own costs, they will be covered by the taxes that will be imposed on the wealthy. Individuals who choose not to have insurance will be penalized with a tax fee as a way of encouraging every member in society to have insurance and this will be as a source of income to offset the plans cost. This was a great step towards ensuring a good healthcare for all the people of the US regardless of whether they are insured or not. There are several classes of people living in the US, who do not have access to insurance. These people range from misbranded immigrants to others who see insurance as very expensive and cant afford to pay for insurance. The number of uninsured Americans is estimated to be 32 million today but after the PPACA was signed in to law the number is expected to decline considera bly to about 23 million. Most of the uninsured people are drawn from illegal immigrants because they are not eligible to obtain insurance while they are residing in the US. Poor and middle class persons and their families also tend to go without insurance. (Institute of Medicine of the National Academies 2010 available online)The Affordable Care Act was specifically designed to give States the resources and flexibility they need to tailor their approach to their distinctive needs and to help families across the country gain access to quality, affordable health care. The Affordable Care Act ensures hard-working, middle class families will get the health care they deserve by keeping health care costs low, encouraging prevention, and making insurance companies accountable.

Requirement for Marijuana Legalisation

Requirement for ganja LegalisationChristopher CunninghamThe need of MarijuanaI. push of Revenue and different types of ganjaa. The need of Marijuana in our pastoral making the do drugs legal to use recreationally by all 50 separates. The take ins are huge when it comes to all states benefiting from money that they have earned in one year is one billion dollars, which was Colorado who made that often money from gross sales. Can you imagine who get out benefit from the marijuana sold, offset the fryren ordain have weaken schools, equipment such as computers, physical make programs, not to mention the economy will start being better from years to come. The Boost of revenue provoke only make the States great again and flourishing from all the money spent on the war and just maybe we can go back to the instruction it used to be, when jobs were easy to get and prices on goods were not outrageous.b. Indica is kush from afghanistan making you lazy.c. Sativa is or else gives you energy used for depression and exhaustion.d. Hybrid it gives you both Indica and Sativa which is why its hybrid.e. marihuana compound THC and CBD carry there own properties in medicine.II. pack who benefit from Marijuanaa. The tribe who will benefit from marijuana sales are police officiers and I want to tell you why this is rightfully important. The more police officiers out on the treats means there will be less crime happening, and less drug assumeers on the streets. If that happens the state will benefit from all the revenue from marijuana.c. People who are shake off will easily attain marijuana which to me is great. I have seen people who have certain infirmitys and they are always in pain and the remedy didnt give them medical marijuana because there is no use to development the drug or it is not legal for the patient to use. Being a parent who sees there baby in pain will do anything in there power to make sure they feel better. Marijuana is that drug that can re duce pain and help people deal with there current diseases that normal medicine is not working.b. Helps with being thin and raising your metabolism in some people.III. The types of diseases that need marijuanaa. Glaucoma is an tenderness disease that puts pressure on the eye ball and damages the centre nerve in your eye. This also minimizes the effects of cancer causing agents.b. Alzheimer disease as shown to slow down the effects so that you may brook a longer life.c. Stomach diseases like crones disease can mitigate with marijuana.d. Parkinsons disease can be controlled with marijuana.e. Lupus disease is when the body attacks itself similar to aids.f. hip to(predicate) c is controlled and side affects shortened and increases treatment.IV. People with chronic paina. eightfold sclerosis is pain in the spine which is controlled with the drug marijuana.b. Helps with muscle spasms and can be subdued with marijuana.c. People who suffer from arthritis pain can be away with marijua na.d. PTSD is very common in veterans who served in the force calms them down and out bursts.e. Protects your brain after a stroke give thanks to marijuana.g. Helps with concussions in sports thanks to marijuana.h. Relieves pain from chemotherapy patients another great reason.V. ConclusionI am very serious about this subject of getting marijuana legal in all states. The fact that all states will benefit from marijuana and obviously all the people in the state will benefit with better schools, roads, toll bridges will be gainful off. Kids will have better equipment such as computers, physical figure equipment will be good. My main point of having you guys agreeing with me is the people who cannot access the drug because only 28 states makes medical marijuana accessible to patients. I rally seeing this child and it was sad, she had seizures every 10 mins and can you imagine your child going through such pain. But thanks to cbd which is a suave base marijuana that can be mixed in with fare so that children can consume it. She was relieved from the seizures not happening that often, she was temporarily cured for that day. As a parent I would give my child marijuana either by inhalation or cbd if it help them travel a better life.References23 health benefits of marijuana. (). Retrieved from www.businessinsider.commarijuana. (). Retrieved from www.fortune.commarijuana. (). Retrieved from www.nylin.orgmarijuana. (). Retrieved from www.wisetoast.com

Apply Smart Sanctions and Remove Saddam Essay -- September 11 Terroris

habituate Smart Sanctions and Remove ibn Talal Hussein In light of our recent success in Afghanistan, the governing now has Iraq on the radar screen, according to field Security Advisor Condoleeza Rice. Hopefully, increased attention on Iraq will chance on that the economic sanctions aimed at bringing down Saddam Hussein languish vital U.S. national interests and seriously undermine our legitimacy abroad-all while doing micro to achieve their original purpose. In the Nov. 28 Time Magazine article Weapons of Mass Distraction, Eric Brown condemns Saddam Hussein-not economic sanctions-for the suffering of hundreds of thousands of Irakis. While Wang acknowledges that Osama bin Laden and Saddam have used these sanctions as an excuse for Iraqi poverty and as march that the U.S. is the worlds greatest terrorist and sponsor of terror, Wang rejects modifying the sanctions in their catamenia form to avoid being influenced by such pernicious propaganda. He argues that Western polic ymakers should instead worry about the enormous threat Saddam Hussein poses to the sovereignty and stability of every country in the region. Regrettably, the online sanctions on Iraq have been futile. The starkest indication came on kinsfolk 11. Strong evidence suggests Iraq supported terrorist activities related to the attacks on that infamous day, sanctions notwithstanding. Sanctions have also been ineffective in preventing Saddams Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) programs. He has repeatedly obstructed U.N. weapons inspections with a couple of(prenominal) consequences. Since the Shiite uprising at the end of the Gulf War in grey Iraq, there have been few domestic threats to Saddams power. In fact, the tribal divisions and demographics of Iraq-Kur... ...nt alacrity sanctions on Iraq to target Saddam and his military and WMD programs directly. This would involve unparalleled intellectual creativity on the part of policy makers, bureaucratic capability and coordination amo ng parties, and, most of all, strong leadership on the part of the U.S. Second, we need to change Saddam from power through external force. This was an option immediately subsequently the Gulf War, and the international community missed their chance. However, in the aftermath of September 11, there exists another opportunity to form a coalition against the libertine Iraqi regime. There have been strong indications from ranking members of the Bush administration that this is their next preferred course of action. Such a move depends on the right mix of careful diplomacy and public relations, both of which would be well served by restructuring the sanctions.

The Contrariety Of Two Friends Essay -- Compare Contrast Friends Frien

The Contrariety Of Two Friends E actuallyone has friends. Some atomic number 18 so alike that it is shocking. They seem to walk, talk and horizontal eat the same. tho otherwises are so very different that it is an absolute wonder that they locoweed even stand each other, let alone be friends. That is how it is in the friendship of Sandra and Nancy. They differ in everything from their views on cleaning, their views on fun and even in their views on religion. The two girls are the best of friends but they are very different, even in the views on how they clean. Sandra is very neat and tidy. Everything essential be in its place at all times. Nancy on the other hand is extremely messy. Wherever things happen to land is where they should belong. Sandra cleans her room at least once a day. While Nancys room is lucky to be cleaned once a month. When Sandra cleans, it is a lengthy procedure. Sometimes she will top hours just cleaning her room. When Nancy cleans, it is done as quick ly as humanly possible. If she can get everything shoved under her bed in five proceedings then she is happy. The thought of even sleeping in a messy room makes Sandra extremely uncomfortable. Though Nancy cant stand to be in a spotless room, with out the urge to mess something up.Since the two girls can barely stand to be in each others rooms, they frequently go out. only when even in their choices of a good time, they have severe differences. Sandra is very quiet and shy. She doesnt like to be around a lot of quite a little that she doesn...

Laertes and Horatio as Foils for Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- The Trag

  Laertes and Horatio as Foils for critical point          In the play, village , Shakespeare uses a cast of roughages that have many roles. Of this cast, Shakespeare uses cardinal characters, Laertes and Horatio, as bedevils for junctures character. Through similarities and differences these characters, accentuate Hamlets pretense of being crazy, emphasize how Hamlet is an improper tidings by standards of the time and cause him to be a tragic hero.         A foil is a minor character that helps develop a major character by sharing similarities and differences with the main character. This is a common practice Shakespeare uses inside many of his plays. The use of foils in Hamlet, is especially effective in affirming Hamlets anguish.        Laertes and Hamlet share two basic similarities.  Both Laertes and Hamlet want avenge for their fathers deaths. Hamlet wants revenge against hi s uncle and Laertes wants revenge against Hamlet. Both want to protect their family name. The revenge Hamlet wants is what starts him pretending he is crazy. He is attempting to use his dementedness as a ploy to give his uncle to confess to the murder.  Laertes and Hamlet are both thought to be performing improperly by their parents. Laertes father sends two spies to Paris to watch his son and to report back their findings because, in his worldliness and cynicism, he is absolutely certain that he knows how young men behave when away from parental control. Source? This anticipation hints at the way Hamlet is behaving without his parental control. Hamlet is presumed mad because he claims to see his dead father H-50s ghost and is obsessing ab... ...cumstantial causes (reasons) of Hamlets behavior are shown, then is he not being shown as acting reasonably, and not insanely?       By using similarities and differences to contrast them to Hamlet, Shakespeare uses the minor characters to help the reader learn or understand Hamlet better. This is why Laertes and Horatio are foils for Hamlet. Both of these minor characters interact with Hamlet throughout the play and they constantly set him off as a tragic hero.     Teachers Note The primary point discussed in congeneric to Laertes could have been better made using Fortinbras, and the evidence provided in the banter of Horatio appears to prove just the opposite of what the writer claims. On the other hand, this writer started with a very good thesis and attempted, throughout the entire raise to support that thesis.

Tv Viewing :: essays research papers

Television consider is a precise important part of our educatees lives. There is a big issue on whether it should be allowed in our public schools. It should be allowed to some extent, all depending on the age group. I think age is very important when it comes to masking TV in school. The students should be divided into three age groups two-year-old, adolescent and adults. These age groups can help us distinguish what kind of regard will be allowed, if any. TV Viewing can be a very good learning experience for young students depending on the viewing material. Young children tend to copy most of what they see on TV because of that fact we must be very careful with the viewing material. The young kids should be limited to educational films only. Any other type of TV viewing should be done at home at explained by the parent.Teens are more mature, therefore their TV viewing should be diminish because of the fact that at that age they need to learn more approximately life and wha t goes on around them. The best room to do that is done life experience not through TV. For example if a student saw drug use on TV he/she would get under ones skin no idea about drugs until they experiment with the drug, or see the cause of drugs on someone in real life. Teenagers are at a point where they can distinguish reality from fiction. Schools should focus on large(p) teenagers more projects about life. For example marriage projects that are not real. This way they can experience life more realistically.Adults can watch whatever they want. At this point they sleep with right from wrong, whats real and whats fiction. They should know whats appropiate for them to watch. They know the difference between entertaining TV viewing and educational viewing.

Amazon.com and Business Essay -- Essays Papers

MidoAbstract Amazon.com is an On-line retailer of, origin everyy, books. The company was naturalised as a micro enterprise in the US in 1994. Since then it has enjoyed rapid expansion in all aspects of its operations, including business turnover, and a spectacular rise in share respect since public flotation in 1997. New on-line sites based in Germany and UK and a distri moreoverion centre in Amsterdam were established in 1998 to cater for European markets. On August 30, 2000 Amzon.com launched its third site outside the US, Amazon.fr in France. Amazon.com sells barely on-line and is essentially an information broker. It holds a relatively small, though increasing, scrutinise and outsources most aspects of its operations (but not IT). The key to its operation is to offer value added and sophisticated customised services, a continuously expanding catalogue of products in terms of twain quantity and range, and deep discounts. Alliances and partnerships with publishers, other o n-line retailers and technology providers are and so strategic. The ambition of the company today is to become a premier habitual on-line retailer by leveraging on its existing place and business model. Amazon.com Business Overview History When founder and CEO Jeff Bezos studied retail opportunities on the Internet, he decided on books because there was a abundant field of book publishers but too many titles to be carried by a single store. Everyone reads books but has different preferences about what s/he wants to read. Although Jeff Bezos had no previous experience in the book trade, he saying a business opportunity in selling books solely on the Web. He started the company out of his garage in a Seattle suburb, wrapper orders and then delivering them to the post office in the family car. The characteristics of the books retailing industry exact it amenable to electronic commerce a great variety of products and consumer tastes, and tastes which pine after a lot of informat ion about the products. Moreover, there is mode for bringing down margins, i.e. offering customers deep discounts. Jeff Bezos picked the name Amazon because it is the biggest river on earth. He wanted his on-line bookstore to become Earths Biggest Bookstore, but without the need to stock vast quantities of books. Amazon.com would be lean, fit but hungry. A screenshot of Amazon.coms very first hom... ....uk, covers liability up to 50. Privacy PolicyAmazon.coms secretiveness statement details what information it collects from users when placing an order or signing onto a specific service. When Amazon recently (September 2000) changed its privacy policy, it decided to inform all its customers proactively by e-mail, rather than just updating the policy on site, as is common Web practice. IT infrastructureSubstantially all of Amazon.coms computer and communications hardware is located at its physical site in Seattle, USA. Amazon.com uses an internally developed system for its Website and substantially all aspects of transaction processing, including Order focussing Cash and address card processing Purchasing Inventory anxiety exaltation. Amazon.com uses Netscape Secure Commerce boniface over SSL for order and customer accounts management. Customers credit card information is stored in a separate machine affiliated to the Commerce Server via a proprietary one-way interface. It runs a RealAudio Server over TCP with media stream transmission via UDP for supplying sound clips. Shipping carriersDHL, Purolator, UPS and US Postal Service.

Essay example --

The impact of non- indwelling species and invasive threats atomic number 18 one of the just about serious threats that native amphibiouss are facing today. Many invasive species are able to adapt to their new environments quickly. They can often out-compete natives for food resources or they simply prey on the native species.Amphibian declines have twist an increasing issue. dapple amphibian diversity is severely threatened by habitat destruction, the threat from non-native predation and competition is rapidly contributing to amphibian population declines (Ficetola et. al, 2007 Young et. al, 2001). Amphibians are threatening amphibians, and the threat from invasive species is a global issue. In Mexico and Central America this threat is just as real if not more so due to the tropical lavish biodiversity. Many of the southern Central American countries boast some of the richest ecosystems in biodiversity in the world (Reid, 1993 Young et. al, 2001).American bullfrog (Rana c atesbeinana)The American bullfrog (Rana catesbeinana), a member of the family Ranidae, or true frogs is threatening several habitats and native species in Central America. Native to North America, the American bullfrogs are ground in freshwater habitats from Nova Scotia, Canada, throughout the easterlyern United States into Northern east Mexico. (see figure 1-1) Among the largest frogs in North America, they are easily distinguishable by their size. The bullfrog is a large amphibian that challenges native amphibians for food and habitat resources, but the bullfrog has a voracious appetite and will refine any prey that it fit into their mouths. They can grow to a length of eight inches and weight up to two pounds in their native habitats. In artificial market nurseries they... ...at attracts a collector. Unfortunately like many exotic pets, the owners soon lose interest and instead of doing the responsible things, by finding a suitable owner, they release them thinking that its an acceptable practice. concern and inspection of the plant nurseries and the pet trade is still poorly governed. While some countries are implementing policies and regulations on inspections and trades it is will continue to be a problem. Solutions must come from the international community. It must also include educating traders, collectors, inspectors as well as other stakeholders and the public. The small size of theses frogs coupled with the towering procreation rate has made control of established colonies difficult to manage. several(prenominal) countries that have been infested by this tree frog are doing live captures and accordingly humanely euthanatizing individuals.

King Lears Self Discovery Essay -- King Lear essays

faggot Lears Self Discovery Although King Lear is an admirable monarch, as revealed by the devotion of men such as Kent, he has serious character flaws. His power as index has encouraged him to be proud and impulsive, and his one-time(a)est daughters Regan and Goneril reflect that The best and soundest of his time hath been but rash... and that he hath perpetually but slenderly known himself (1.1.297-298, 295-296). When Lear decides to divide his kingdom between his tierce daughters, Cordelia, Goneril, and Regan in order to have less responsibility in his old age, he creates a situation in which his eldest daughters gain assurance over him and mistreat him. Lear is unable to cope with his loss of power and descends into madness. musical composition the circumstances in which Lear finds himself are instrumental in the unfolding of this tragedy, it is ultimately not the circumstances themselves, but King Lears rash reactions to them that lead to his downfall. In this downfa ll, Lear is forced to come to terms with himself as a mortal man. Lears self-annihilation begins when he stands before the court to divide his kingdom and commands his daughters to profess their approve for him. Cordelia, his youngest and most favored daughter, idealistically believes that words are unnecessary in the smell of love and refuses to profess her feelings. King Lear had planned to give the most kill to Cordelia and to stay with her in his old age and he states of Cordelia, I love her most, and thought to set my rest/ On her kind nursery (1.1.125-126). The king does not understand the motives behind Cordelias silence and is shocked by her unannounced reaction to his demand. He loses sight of his careful preparation for his future and in his... ...h. This gesture is Lears final relinquishment of the royalty he no long-lasting values, as well as his decisive welcoming of mortality as it provides him with an escape from his grief. Works Cited and Consulted Artaud , Antonin. The Theatre and Its Double. Grove Press Inc. New York. 1958 Billington, Michael. Gielgud His sterling(prenominal) Triumphs. The Age. May 24, 2000. Brook, Peter. The Empty Space. 1st Touchstone edition. Simon and Schuster Inc. 1996. Noguchi, Isamu. Isamu Noguchi On the Dance. Texts by Isamu Noguchi. Partee, Dr. Morriss Henry. Shakespeare Improved. University of universal time English Dept. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of King Lear. Jay L. Halio. Ed. The New Cambridge Shakespeare. Cambridge University Press. New York. 1992. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of King Lear. Ed. Russell Fraser. New York Penguin, 1998.

Puberty Essay -- Human Development Papers

PubertyLets talk about puberty. What is the kickoff thing that comes into our minds when we say puberty? Well, sex is the most common conception that pops out from the head of many people. But there is much more than(prenominal) than sex to puberty. Puberty is a very unique and important evolving show of all males and females.During puberty, guys and girls go through many changes that we might find funny, scary and weird. During puberty, the level of testoster oneness and estrogen in both boys and girls increases greatly. The rapid increase of testosterone and estrogen is what triggers the beginning of puberty. Now lets give the changes that boys and girls experience during puberty. During puberty, some changes happen solo to girls, and some happen only to boys. What type of changes can are expect to happen to girls? First of all, the girls breasts will begin to grow and get fuller. Sometimes, one breast may grow faster than the other. Some girls breasts grow more ra pidly than other girls. Some girls breasts remain small throughout their large(p) lives. Also during puberty, the girl...

Metamorphosis Of Narcissus - Salvador Dali Essay -- Art Artwork

The video Metamorphosis of Narcissuswas created in 1937 by oil on canvas by Salvador Dali. This scene usesa lot of images to say what it means, for example, a person, a hand, water,a starving dog, a chess board, a canyon or cliff, and people. This is nonto fill the paper or distract the viewer from the suggested meaning orpoint, but to support the idea that desire and despair are reflections of whizz another on opposite sides of a coin, spinning in mid-air, time lagto land and fix or destroy every function.The first affaire that ane thinks upon firstvisual perception it, from far a direction, is that Dali just painted the same thing twice.From afar, it appears as if he simply cut the canvas down the meat andmade nonpareil side brown and the other blue, but on closer inspection, integrity seesthat the two sides, although very similar, are nothing alike.On one side, there sits a limp body staringat the reflection of herself in the water that she sinks in. The settingsun glist ens off the sticker of her head, but she just wallows in grim depressionand boredom. The canyons trap her in the barren wasteland as she sits motionless,without movement, struggle, or life. This mysterious figure managements so vacantthat it might as well be deathly. Nothing is hazard on this side, so onesattention is directed to the other.On the other side, a blue decaying handemerges from the ground with ants crawling on it, possibly do theirhomes in it or finding food on it. Atop this pedestal, rests an bullock block witha flower sprouting from it. This display of life emerging from the shortis a sign of confide and beauty. To the left of the hand, a very gangrenousmalnourished dog feasts on fresh meat his salvation is transfer to him andhe survives. Behind the dog is a chess board with a young man in the centreof it, proudly surveying the champaign as though it were his kingdom.To his left are people on a road that leads off into the horizon. All thesethings symbo lismize new beginnings out of senior life and hope from death.The message that Salvador Dali was tryingto get across is that hope and despair, failure and victory, and life anddeath are all equal forces, severally(prenominal) one pulling the other in an eternal warto dimension everything. Its all a cycle, and like all cycles, it repeatsitself forever and ever, and theres no way of having one without the other.Guemi... ...es. Texture is kept to a minimumin the circumstantial work as it is a very two dimensional contrivance work and as iscommon of the cubism style. He has made extremely fair use of space asnearly the entire canvas is used, dapple maintaining the agreement which isnecessary to keep the composition aesthetically pleasing. Among the many emblematical images in the work are a bull, a horse a s darkenedier with a brokensword and a woman feel out of a window with a very concerned life onher face. The broken sword in the soldiers hand, which can be seen at thebo ttom center of the composition was used to symbolize the broken boozeand the failure to resist on the p prowess of the people. The woman is a symbolof concern for the fighting people by people who have succeeded in beingable to see the whole picture.The largest contributing factor to Guernicasboilersuit appeal is the excellent use of symbolism which encourages itsaudience to think. If ever attached the opportunity I would be most interestedin sightedness the original of this work. I have gained a lot of respect fornot only the artistic integrity of this painting, but also for Pablo Picassoas an general intuitive and creative person. Metamorphosis Of Narcissus - Salvador Dali Essay -- Art ArtworkThe painting Metamorphosis of Narcissuswas created in 1937 by oil on canvas by Salvador Dali. This painting usesa lot of images to say what it means, for example, a person, a hand, water,a starving dog, a chess board, a canyon or cliff, and people. This is notto fill the p aper or distract the viewer from the suggested meaning orpoint, but to support the idea that hope and despair are reflections ofone another on opposite sides of a coin, spinning in mid-air, time lagto land and fix or destroy everything.The first thing that one thinks upon firstseeing it, from far away, is that Dali just painted the same thing twice.From afar, it appears as if he simply cut the canvas down the middle andmade one side brown and the other blue, but on closer inspection, one seesthat the two sides, although very similar, are nothing alike.On one side, there sits a limp body staringat the reflection of herself in the water that she sinks in. The settingsun glistens off the spine of her head, but she just wallows in grim depressionand boredom. The canyons trap her in the barren wasteland as she sits motionless,without movement, struggle, or life. This mysterious figure looks so vacantthat it might as well be dead. Nothing is accident on this side, so onesattention is d irected to the other.On the other side, a blue decaying handemerges from the ground with ants crawling on it, possibly reservation theirhomes in it or finding food on it. Atop this pedestal, rests an ball witha flower sprouting from it. This display of life emerging from the deadis a symbol of hope and beauty. To the left of the hand, a very unsanitarymalnourished dog feasts on fresh meat his salvation is reach to him andhe survives. Behind the dog is a chess board with a young man in the middleof it, proudly surveying the field of battle as though it were his kingdom.To his left are people on a road that leads off into the horizon. All thesethings symbolize new beginnings out of old life and hope from death.The message that Salvador Dali was tryingto get across is that hope and despair, failure and victory, and life anddeath are all equal forces, each one pulling the other in an eternal warto balance everything. Its all a cycle, and like all cycles, it repeatsitself forever an d ever, and theres no way of having one without the other.Guemi... ...es. Texture is kept to a minimumin the unique(predicate) work as it is a very two dimensional art work and as iscommon of the cubism style. He has made extremely unattackable use of space asnearly the entire canvas is used, firearm maintaining the balance which isnecessary to keep the composition aesthetically pleasing. Among the manysymbolic images in the work are a bull, a horse a soldier with a brokensword and a woman flavor out of a window with a very concerned look onher face. The broken sword in the soldiers hand, which can be seen at thebottom center of the composition was used to symbolize the broken livenand the failure to resist on the part of the people. The woman is a symbolof concern for the fighting people by people who have succeeded in beingable to see the whole picture.The largest contributing factor to Guernicas general appeal is the excellent use of symbolism which encourages itsaudience t o think. If ever tending(p) the opportunity I would be most interestedin seeing the original of this work. I have gained a lot of respect fornot only the artistic integrity of this painting, but also for Pablo Picassoas an boilers suit intuitive and creative person.

World War I and World War II :: Comparative

World War I and World II argon basically the same, right? Well, one can also say they pull in nothing in common. The comparison of the two wars is conceivable, but it is thought-provoking because they argon such widespread notions. This concept applies to Araby, compose by James Joyce during WWI, and The Flash, written by Italo Calvino during WWII. In Araby, the protagonist falls in love with a girl, but love deceives him. In his moment of epiphany, gazing up into the darkness he precept himself as a creature driven and derided by emptiness and his look burned with anguish and anger (Joyce 1). In The Flash, the protagonist suddenly bags a veracity and in his moment of epiphany he stopped, blinked He understood nothing. Nothing, nothing ab off anything. He didnt understand the reasons for things or for people, it was all senseless, absurd (Calvino 1). Comparing the epiphanies of the two distinct short stories reveals a relationship between their comparableities and d ifferences through theme, symbolism and setting. stolon and foremost, comparing the themes of both epiphanies reveal they can simultaneously be similar and different. An important common theme in both epiphanies is facing reality. In Araby, the protagonist realizes his stay was useless (Joyce 6) since the young lady only spoke to him out of a sense of duty (Joyce 6). Likewise, in The Flash, the protagonist realizes he original everything traffic lights, cars, posters, uniforms, monuments, things completely detached from any sense of the world, accepted them as if there some necessity, some chain of cause and effect that bouncing them together (Calvino 1). Both characters face the reality and randomness of the world. Even so, to each one epiphany implies each protagonist faces a different sort of reality. The protagonist of Araby faces the reality of love and sees himself as a creature driven and derived by vanity (Joyce 6). On the other hand, the protagonist of The Flash faces the reality of existence and hopes he shall grasp that other knowledge (Calvino 2). Therefore, reviewing the theme similar to both epiphanies leads to discovering different themes as well.Conversely, looking at the differences in the symbolism of each epiphany hints at a comparable aspect of symbolism. The epiphany of Araby symbolizes the protagonist escaping into a dark world when he enters the upper part of the hall which was now completely dark (Joyce 6).

Telling America s Story Essay -- William F. Lewis Essays

Telling the States s drool The common chord samples of rhetorical criticism, Telling the States s Story autobiography function and the Regan Presidency by William F. Lewis, The Promiscuous Audience Controversy and the appendage of the primal Woman s Rights Movement by Susan Zaeske, and Medicine, Rhetoric, and Euthanasia A end try out in the Workings of a Postmodern Discourse by Michael J. Hyde distributively employ a variety of strategies to examine the rhetoric of three pellucid situations. This paper will attempt to dissect each of the try outs in a comparative manner. Specifically, it will evaluate the introductions, how effectively they be constructed, and how the shews companion accord to the expectations set forth in the introductions.In Telling America s Story, Lewis starts by providing a quick explanation of the countrys status as Regan entered office. The lector is instantaneously introduced to the Western worlds around gifted communicator. Lewis does not leave the subscriber with that standstill for long as he goes on to explain the views of Regans critics. Arguments of Regans political orientation without ideas and the smart Republic editors comment that Ronald Regan has never let the facts get in the elbow room of a good story begin to steer the contributor toward a more objective state of mind. A fair equilibrize of the both viewpoints is maintained throughout the piece, but the overall flavor of it seems to be gear toward the latter. It is not until half way down the second rapscallion of his essay that Lewis clearly states his purpose, to account for the distinctive reputation, style, and effect of Ronald Regans discourse. He notwithstanding lists the two objectives that his essay will accomplish, which are explained later down the stairs headings that act the same name as the stated ... ...ike Lewiss topic. The question/ say regularity is effective in this essay because it gives the endorser something to pr epare for. The reader knows what to wager for in the rest of essay and will be more captive when reading. She does not leave the reader hanging the rest of the essay is clearly laid out and easily answers all questions.The review of these essays showed that slice rhetorical criticism does need to have formal structure, there are many ways for a critic to accomplish their objectives within the frontier that staple fibre structure. Although it is not always best choice for every situation, I feel that a shorter, more direct approach to an introduction, as in Hydes piece, is the close effective. I also thought that the question/answer data formatting worked nearly for Zaske. It may have been the topic, but I found that the Hyde essay was the most engaging overall. Telling America s Story Essay -- William F. Lewis EssaysTelling America s Story The three essays of rhetorical criticism, Telling America s Story Narrative Form and the Regan Presidency by William F . Lewis, The Promiscuous Audience Controversy and the Emergence of the Early Woman s Rights Movement by Susan Zaeske, and Medicine, Rhetoric, and Euthanasia A Case Study in the Workings of a Postmodern Discourse by Michael J. Hyde each employ a variety of strategies to examine the rhetoric of three distinct situations. This paper will attempt to dissect each of the essays in a comparative manner. Specifically, it will evaluate the introductions, how effectively they are constructed, and how the essays follow according to the expectations set forth in the introductions.In Telling America s Story, Lewis starts by providing a quick explanation of the countrys status as Regan entered office. The reader is instantly introduced to the Western worlds most gifted communicator. Lewis does not leave the reader with that viewpoint for long as he goes on to explain the views of Regans critics. Arguments of Regans ideology without ideas and the New Republic editors comment that Ronald Regan has never let the facts get in the way of a good story begin to steer the reader toward a more objective state of mind. A fair balance of the two viewpoints is maintained throughout the piece, but the overall feel of it seems to be geared toward the latter. It is not until half way down the second page of his essay that Lewis clearly states his purpose, to account for the distinctive reputation, style, and effect of Ronald Regans discourse. He even lists the two objectives that his essay will accomplish, which are explained later under headings that bear the same name as the stated ... ...ike Lewiss topic. The question/answer method is effective in this essay because it gives the reader something to prepare for. The reader knows what to look for in the rest of essay and will be more attentive when reading. She does not leave the reader hanging the rest of the essay is distinctly laid out and easily answers all questions.The review of these essays showed that while rhetorical criticism does need to have formal structure, there are many ways for a critic to accomplish their objectives within the confines that basic structure. Although it is not always best choice for every situation, I feel that a shorter, more direct approach to an introduction, as in Hydes piece, is the most effective. I also thought that the question/answer format worked well for Zaske. It may have been the topic, but I found that the Hyde essay was the most engaging overall.

Hemingways For Whom the Bell Tolls: Wars Effect on Man and Importance of Time :: essays research papers

Hemingways "For Whom the chime Tolls" Wars Affect on globe and Importance of TimeAt first glance Hemingways novel For Whom The Bell Tolls appears to bean action packed state of contend novel. But underneath every(prenominal) the action at that place be underlyingideas that reveal some(prenominal) well-nigh how contend changes a man and causes him to realize theimportance of time.Hemingway reveals these ideas virtually war through the narrators thoughtsand through the interaction between the major characters. Hemingway shows thatwar brings about a personal change, that reveals much about mans individualityand that time is limited.Hemingway reveals much about the individuality of men through therelationship of Robert Jordan and Maria. When Jordan is dying at the end of thenovel he says to Maria " gram wilt go now, rabbit. But I go for thee. As longas there is one of us there is both of us. Do you understand?"(p460) We get goingto understand how we as people are never truly merely however instead are alwayssurrounded by the memories and thoughts of those we love. When dickens people truly betide in love they become as one. Where one goes, both go. Robert finally saysto her " The me in thee. Now you go for us both. Truly. We both go in theenow. This I have promised thee. Stand up. Thou art me now. Thou art allthere will be of me. Stand up." (Pg.462) By saying this Jordan reveals how manis never an individual but instead is made up of all the influences, experiences,and memories that we have shared with others. furthermore This change came upon Jordan as a consequence of joining thewar. Before the war had started he had no idea what it meant to be anindividual, or to truly fall in love. Jordan says to Maria "I have never loved someone as thee. Before our cause I never new what it was worry to truly live.Or to love, as I do thee" (P160). This shows how being in the war allowed him tounderstand what it really meant to be a man. Before the war he never lived asfull a life as he does during the war. It is the essence of war which causesthese changes in him.The simple character Anselmo is likewise changed by the war. But instead ofthe changes being negative as they are with many of the other characters (exceptJordan), they bring upon a positive change on him. When discussing the horrorsof war with Robert Jordan Anselmo mentions "The men who come to enjoy the

Pro Legalization of Marijuana Essay examples -- essays research papers

Cannabis has been il legitimate since the Marijuana Tax act of 1934. Yet unwrap of a population of 284 million American citizens, 70 million Americans state to excite smoked cannabis at some point in their lives. Prohibition of cannabis is therefore apparently in potent at ever-changing the habits of a population, just as prohibition of alcohol was ineffective in 1919-1933. Making otherwise law-abiding citizens fugitives does nothing more than fill the prisons and give the populace from their goernment. In fact the total cost to taxpayers of solely marijuana-related immurement (in local, state, and federal prisons and jails) of 15,400 people exceeds $1.2 million per course of instruction. There have been umpteen studies performed to translate to prove that the effects of marijuana are worse than other medications. Unfortunately, 9 out of 10 of the studies found that marijuana is in fact safer than many of our everyday prescription and o ver the counter drugs. Never in united States history has their been even one case of someone dieing or being injured from the use of marijuana an illegal drug. But every year many people die from use of Americas popular legal drugs. A combined 50,000 plus people die a year from use of over the counter drugs. 90 pct of these deaths are caused by aspirin and caffeine pills. 150,000 plus people die a year from over use of alcohol. Not including the fact that alcohol is the main reason for 50 percent of all motor vehicle accidents and the cause of 60 percent of all murders in the United States. Tobacco, another of Americas highly used legal drugs kills close to 500,000 people per year. If the government did legalize marijuana the National debt would be greatl... ...have found evidence that THC, the active ingredient in marijuana, and other cannabinoids have a direct effect on pain signals in the important nervous system, by tracing the biochemical pathway that pain signals keep company from the site of an injury, through the spinal cord, to the brain. How can you ignore a drug that aids in the relief of these terminal diseases? Marijuana is more effective than conventional drugs in many instances. Denying cannabis treatment to the sick and demise is cruel and unnecessary. Marijuana has and will drastically help the people of our sylvan in many ways. The terminally ill patients and anyone that uses marijuana does not rag a threat to the semipublic in any way frame or form and there for, with all these facts stated the United States distinctly needs to rethink there marijuana laws and legalize this drug of wonders for public use.

Hepatitis B Virus Essays -- Essays Paper

Hepatitis B virus Characteristics Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is a double-stranded DNA virus in the Hepadnaviridae family. The morbific particle is 42nm in diameter, with a genome 3200 nucleotides long. It has an outer envelope and an icosahedral nucleocapsid, which contains viral DNA polymerase and has a diameter of 27nm. The envelope contains the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) this is the molecule to which anti-HBV antibodies be directed. The non- pathogenic hepatitis B particles are composed of HBsAg only and come in the influence of filaments and spheres. Their only likely purpose is binding up antibodies so the infectious particles chamberpot remain free. In humans HBV infects hepatocytes where it replicates within the nucleus, but scum bag also be found in smooth muscle, bone marrow, kidneys, thyroidal glands and other sites. Infection HBV is usually transmitted from blood to blood and can be contracted via infected needles (IV drugs and tattoos), sexual co ntact, cuts, hemodialysis, vertical transmission at birth and blood transfusions. In developed countries blood is screened for the presence of HBsAg forrader transfusion. Unlike other forms of viral hepatitis, HBV cannot be transmitted by pollute food or water. The CDC states that preventive measures for HBV infection are similar to those for HIV. diagnosis of HBV can be made by the presence of HBsAg, which can be found in the serum a few weeks before invasion of illness. The anti-HBsAg antibody is found weeks to months after infection and can last, in some cases adult life-long immunity. Hepatitis B is found mostly in Africa, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and parts of the Caribbean. In those areas all socioeconomic groups are af... ...d/slide_1.htmhttp//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003243.htmhttp//www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/section4/chapter47/47c.htmhttp//www.globalserve.net/ dapple/HBV/hbvcore.htmhttp//www.globalserve.net/harlequin/HBV/hbvx .htmhttp//www.globalserve.net/harlequin/HBV/hbsags.htmhttp//www.foodallergy.org/anaphylaxis.htmlhttp//www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00033405.htmhttp//depts.washington.edu/druginfo/Vaccine/HealthDept/ImmuneGlobulin.htmlhttp//www.livertransplant.org/livernewsletterselectingcandidatesforlivertransplantation.html http//www.ias.org.nz/hepatitis_b_vaccine.htmhttp//yourlawyer.com/practice/overview.htm?topic=Hepatitis%20B%20Vaccinehttp//www.comeunity.com/adoption/health/hepatitis/hep_photo2.htmlhttp//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/Images/Safrica/hbvcore3.htmhttp//livertransplant.org/

Does Anything Break Because it is Fragile? :: Philosophy Philosophers Essays

Does Anything Break Because it is Fragile?ABSTRACT I maintain that dispositions ar not causatively relevant to their manifestations. The paper begins with a negative argument, which is think to undermine David Lewis recent onset to restore causal potency to dispositions by identifying their instantiations with the instantiations of their causal bases. I conclude that Lewis attempt to vindicate the causal corroboration of dispositions meets obstacles that argon analogous to (though importantly different from) those that beset Donald Davidsons attempt to accord a causal role to the mental. I then estimate an argument recently given by Frank Jackson against the causal relevance of dispositions (to their manifestations). Jacksons argument relies on a idea of dispositions that is not likely to be shared by those who defend their causal relevance. I sketch an alternative conception of dispositions that links them more nearly to their causal bases, but argue that even on this model dispositions are causally impotent. The paper closes with a defense of the claim that dispositions, in bitchiness of their causal irrelevance to their manifestations, are nevertheless causal-explanatorily relevant to them. We regard dispositions as being causally prudent for their manifestations. We say that the glass broke because it was weak, that the dick band stretched because it is elastic, and that the arsenic killed him because it was lethal. Some philosophers have denied this. According to them, dispositions are causally irrelevant to the effects in terms of which they are defined. This view was defended by Elizabeth Prior, Robert Pargetter and Frank Jackson, and has been (tentatively) endorsed by David Lewis. According to them, fineness is the second-order property of having some or other first-order property (e.g., a given molecular structure) that tends to cause gaolbreak under certain circumstances. But then, they infer, it is this first-order feature (the causal b asis of the glasss fragility), and not fragility itself, that is responsible for causing the breaking. Fragility is thus conceptually after the event as concerns the causation of breaking the glass counts as being fragile only in consequence of its having some other, first-order property that is causally responsible for its breaking when struck.Lewis has always seemed uneasy with this view. He has called it a disagreeable crotchet that must be dispatched if the identification of dispositions with second-order properties is to win our unequivocal support. In a recent paper, he takes himself to have done just that.